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PRESENTED BY: MD. NAJMI ALAM 1MJ07TE027 TELECOMMUNICATION MVJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Under the guidance of: Mrs. Navya Vipin Asst Prof., Dept. of TE MVJCE Head of the Department Mrs. Savitha H.K Asst Prof., Dept. of TE MVJCE
Diabetes Mellitus
A metabolic disorder in which our body is unable to regulate the level of glucose in the blood
Management of diabetes
Diabetes related long term complications are leading cause of death
(Source : The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long terms complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, N. Engl. J. Med. 329(14), 977-986 (1993))
Either invasive or minimally invasive Being off-line methodsTime consuming Labour intensive May not reflect real-time status of the glucose can cause cell contamination
Will remove all shortcomings of present techniques Improve quality of life Reduce complications and mortality associated with the disease Possibility of developing artificial pancreas
Infrared and Near-infrared absorption spectroscopy Near-infrared scattering technique Polarimetry technique Raman spectroscopy Photoacoustic spectroscpy
Photoacoustic Method
Modulated laser beam
Excited state
Absorption
Radiative transition
Pressure wave
Acoustic transducer
A h
A heat
Flourescence, Phosphorescence
E T Cp
V
Ei : Incident optical energy a : Absorption coefficient d : Length of the cylinder within the sample occupied by the optical beam Cp : Specific heat capacity for a constant pressure : Density of the medium V : Illuminated volume at room temperature r: Radius of the optical beam i : Volumetric thermal a expansion d coefficient of
the medium B : Bulk modulus T : Rise in temperature
Adiabatic Expansion
d p
v2
B
p
Ei
B
r
Speed of sound
Cp V
Pressure Detection Transducer
B/
v 2 Cp
E i r
a 2
Offers higher detection sensitivity with simple apparatus More immune to scattering
Phases of development
The total development process has been planned in two phases
Pulse Generator
Driver Circuit
Signal Averager
Converter
System Photograph
Choice of components
Choice of wavelength
905 nm
905nm 905 nm wavelength gives desired depth of penetration and absorption by Water and other constitutes of blood are less compared to glucose.
CG
G M
905 nm
Slightly higher than at 1064nm
1064 nm
Lower than at 905nm
Low
Second highest (2.5mm) 0.007 mm-1 Low Less 90 watt
Almost equal
Highest (3.5mm) 0.015mm-1 Very high High 2 watt
Optical source Pulsed Laser diode having = 905 nm Model - PGAS1S12 from EG&G Optoelectronics Pulse width : ~100 ns Pulse repetition frequency : ~100 Hz Pulse energy : Less than 0.1 J/Sq. cm.
Disadvantages
Carried out PA measurement at 1064 nm using Nd:YAG laser with glucose solution of different concentrations
Result : Peak-to-peak value of the PA signal maintains a nearly linear relationship with the concentration of glucose in the solution.
Conclusion : Can be considered for developing a non-invasive blood glucose monitor
Point of drinking
10
15
20 25 Time (minute)
30
35
40
Finding : Result closely matches the pattern of variation after consumption of glucose by a subject with the result reported in the literature
79
78 77 76 75
74
73 72 71 70 100 105 110 115 120 125 Blood glucose level in mg/dl 130 135 140
Blood glucose values measured with SMBG monitor ACCU CHEK Active
Pressure Temperature (both ambient and body) Melanin content of the skin Oxygen saturation of blood Subject dependent tissue condition at the test site (finger) Any other physiological conditions
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Amos AF, McCarty DJ & Zimmett P (1997) The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabetic Medicine, Supplement 5: S1-S5. 2. Lahmann W, Ludewig HJ, & Welling H (1977) Opto acoustic trace analysis in liquids with the frequency modulated beam of an Argon ion laser. Analytical Chemistry 49: 549-551. 3. Oda S, Sawada T & Kamada H (1978) Determination of ultra trace Cadmium by laser-induced photoacoustic absorption spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 50: 865 867.
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