Wireless Communication Principles

9th & 10th December 2010

Prepared & Presented by Ir. Senthilathiban Thevarasa

Wireless Communication Basics

Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the distant transfer of meaningful information from one location (the sender, transmitter, or source) to a second location (the receiver, or destination).
Wireless communication is the transfer of information without the use of wires. Radio ~ American version, Wireless ~ British version A wireless communication link includes a transmitter, a receiver, and a channel.

Block Diagram Wireless Link

Standards Organizations
Standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications

or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics to ensure that the products, processes, and services are fit for their purpose.
The broad goal of setting standards for the telecommunications industry is

connectivity, compatibility, and open networking of communications and computer systems from multiple vendors.

Wireless Communication Concepts

Simplex, Half-duplex, & Full-duplex

Simplex

Full-duplex

Half-duplex

Analogue Signals
Analog signals are continuous electrical signals that vary in time. An analog signal can be represented as a series of sine waves.
wavelength

1 cycle

Frequency: Is the rate of change, the signal undergoes every second, Hertz (Hz) / cycles per seconds. A cycle is 1 complete movement of the wave, from its original start position back to the same point again. The number of cycles / waves within one second time interval is called cycles-per-seconds or Hertz. 9

Digital Signals
Digital signals are represented as a sequence of discrete symbols from a finite text and/or digits. Digital signals consist of patterns of bits of information. These patterns can be generated in many ways, each producing a specific code.

The rate & capacity of a digital signal is measured in bits per second (bps).
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Connection-Oriented Communication
Connection-oriented describes a means of transmitting data in which the devices at the end points use a preliminary protocol to establish an end-toend connection before any data is sent. Connection-oriented protocol service is sometimes called a "reliable" network service, because it guarantees that data will arrive in the proper

sequence. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented protocol.

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Connectionless-Oriented Communication
Connectionless describes communication between two network end points in which a message can be sent from one end point to another without prior arrangement. The device at one end of the communication transmits data to the other, without first ensuring that the recipient is available & ready to receive the data. The device sending a message simply sends it addressed to the intended

recipient. The Internet Protocol (IP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are connectionless protocols

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Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless Communication

Connection Oriented

Connectionless

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Circuit Switched Data Network

In a circuit-switched network, before communication can occur between two devices, a circuit is established between them.

This is shown as a thick blue line for the conduit of data from Device A to Device B, and a matching purple line from B back to A. Once set up, all communication between these devices takes place over this circuit, even though there are other possible ways that data could conceivably be passed over the network of devices between them. 14

Packet Switched Data Network

In a packet-switched network, no circuit is set up prior to sending data between devices. Blocks of data, even from the same file or communication, may take any

number of paths as it journeys from one device to another.

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Packet Switched vs. Circuit Switched Data Network

Advantage Disadvantage

Circuit Switching

1. Ideal for real-time applications such as voice

1. Inefficient use of channel capacity 2. Susceptible to eavesdropping 3. Inappropriate for data communication
1. Real-time applications such as voice and video conferencing may suffer from poor quality of service

Packet Switching

1. Efficient use of network Facilities. 2. Most appropriate for data communication

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Open System Interconnection Model (OSI)

Data

Segments Packets Frames Bits

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Transmitting Media

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Transmission Media
In telecommunications, transmission is the process of sending, propagating and receiving an analogue or digital information signal over a physical pointto-point or point-to-multipoint transmission medium, either wired or wireless.

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Transmission Media
Coaxial Cable

This design provides the coaxial cable with a special advantage; electrical interference is reduced because the two conductors are shielded and

confined separately.
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Transmission Media
Twisted Pair Cable

Twisted pair cabling is made of pairs of conductors that are twisted

together, & most networks are connected with twisted pair cabling. The twisting insures that the transmitted signals are protected from electrical & magnetic interference.
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Transmission Media
Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic / ("optical fiber") refers to the medium & the technology associated with the transmission of information as light impulses along a strand of glass. Fiber optics are tap proof, protected from interference, suitable for long distance & have a high rate of transmission.
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Transmission Media
Satellites Systems

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Transmission Media
Microwave Radios

Microwave is a radio system, which uses very high frequencies to send & receive data. Stations are located about 30 Km apart & in line of sight (LOS). Microwave systems have sufficient bandwidth capacity to support large number of voice channels.
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Transmission Media
Infrared Communication

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Organizations of the Networks

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Local Area Network

A LAN supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. LAN network are limited spatially only a few kilometers & can transmit data at high speed.

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LAN
Characteristics
A suite of application programs can be kept on the LAN server. Users who need an application frequently can download it once & then run it from their local hard disk. Users can order printing & other services as needed through applications run on the LAN server. A user can share files with others at the LAN server; read & write access is maintained by a LAN administrator. A LAN server may also be used as a Web server if safeguards are taken to secure internal applications & data from outside access.

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Wide Area Network (WAN)

The WAN connects data processors with servers within one or several countries, In contrast to a LAN, WAN uses public lines & facilities for data transfer. Its rate of transmission lies in the area of up to 2 Mbps. Using broadband networks, rates up to 1 Gbps is possible. WAN are always large networks. Usually works slower than LANs & normally they belong to service providers, who sell their data services to end-users.

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WAN
Characteristics
A computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area. Typically, a WAN consists of two or more local-area networks (LANs). Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites. The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A MAN is a special wide-area network, which is limited to an urban area or to the area of a company. Mainly, it differs from WANs only in the rates of transmission.

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Characteristics of LAN, MAN, & WAN

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Virtual Area Network (VPN)

A VPN is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network.

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Broadband Concepts

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Broadband Technology Overview

High-speed Internet access that is always on & faster than the traditional dial-up access. It allows more content to be carried through the transmission pipeline It does not block phone lines & there is no need to reconnect to network after logging off. Less delay in transmission of content when using broadband. Fixed Line Technologies or Wireless Technologies.

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Types of Broadband Connections

DSL
Wire line transmission technology that transmits data faster over traditional copper telephone lines already installed to homes & businesses Provides transmission speeds ranging

from several hundred Kbps to millions of bits per second (Mbps).

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Types of Broadband Connections

ADSL/SDSL

Asymmetrical DSL Symmetrical DSL

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Types of Broadband Connections

HDSL/VDSL

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Types of Broadband Connections

Cable Modem
A device used to connect a computer to a cable TV service for Internet

access. Compared to analog dial-up, cable Internet dramatically increases the bandwidth between the user's computer & the Internet. In order to prevent users with lower-cost cable access from hosting hightraffic Web servers, the upload speed is approximately 5 times slower than the download speed.

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Types of Broadband Connections

Cable Modem System
Cable modems connect to the computer via an Ethernet port, which is an always-on connection. Ethernet is a shared medium, & the individual user's speed will vary depending on how many customers are sending or receiving data on that cable segment at the same time. Subscribers can access their cable modem service by simply turning on their computers, without dialing-up an ISP.

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Types of Broadband Connections

Fiber
Fiber optic technology converts electrical signals carrying data to light & sends the light through transparent glass fibers about the diameter of a human hair. Fiber transmits data at speeds far exceeding current DSL or cable modem speeds, typically by tens or even

hundreds of Mbps.

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Types of Broadband Connections

Fiber Passive Optical Network (PON)

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Types of Broadband Connections

Fiber Various P2P PON

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Types of Broadband Connections

Wireless

Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the Internet using a radio link between the customers location & the service providers facility. Wireless broadband can be mobile or fixed.
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Types of Broadband Connections

Satellite
Satellite broadband is still infancy & is set up using a satellite dish. Both one-way (download only) &

a two-way satellite internet connection are available.

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Types of Broadband Connections

Broadband Over Powerline(BPL)
With BPL, you can plug your computer into any electrical outlet in your home & instantly have access to high-speed Internet. Combining the technological principles of radio, wireless networking, & modems,

developers have created a way to send data over power lines & into homes at speeds between 500 kilobits & 3 megabits per second (equivalent to DSL and cable).

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Types of Broadband Connections

BPL Modem

The BPL modem simply plugs into the wall & then into your computer, these modems are capable of speeds comparable to DSL or cable modems
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Types of Broadband Connections

Broadband Summary

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Radio Frequency Fundamentals

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RF Definition
Radio frequencies are high frequency alternating current (AC) signals that are passed along a copper conductor and then radiated into the air via an antenna.

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RF Behaviors
Gain
The term used to describe an increase in an RF signal's amplitude.
Gain of DSSS as seen by Spectrum analyzer

Gain as seen by an oscilloscope

Peak amplitude after Gain

Peak amplitude before Gain

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RF Behaviors
Loss
Loss describes a decrease in signal strength
Gain of DSSS as seen by Spectrum analyzer Peak amplitude before Loss

Gain as seen by an oscilloscope

Peak amplitude after Loss

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RF Behaviors
Reflection
Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave impinges upon an object that has very large dimensions when compared to the wavelength of the propagating wave.

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RF Behaviors
Refraction
Refraction describes the bending of a radio wave as it passes through a medium of different density.

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RF Behaviors
Diffraction
Diffraction occurs when the radio path between the transmitter and receiver is obstructed by a surface that has sharp irregularities or an otherwise rough

surface.

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RF Behaviors
Scattering
Scattering occurs when the medium through which the wave travels consists of objects with dimensions that are small compared to the wavelength of the signal, and the number of obstacles per unit volume is large.

Incoming RF

Scattered RF

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RF Behaviors
Absorption
Absorption occurs when the RF signal strikes an object and is absorbed into the material of the object in such a manner that it does not pass through,

reflect off, or bend around the object.

Incoming RF

Absorbed RF

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Principles of Antenna
Antennas convert electrical energy into RF waves in the case of a transmitting antenna, or RF waves into electrical energy in the case of a

receiving antenna. LOS ~ Line of Sight, apparently straight line from the object in sight (the transmitter) to the observer's eye (the receiver).

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Principles of Antenna
Fresnel Zone
It defines an area around the LOS that can introduce RF signal interference if blocked.

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Units of Measure
Watts (W) ~ One ampere (A) of current at one volt (V)

Miliwatt ~ 1/1000 watt

Decibels ~ Allow us to represent these numbers by making them more manageable and understandable. Decibels are based on a logarithmic

relationship to the previously explained linear measurement of power: watts.

dBm ~ Converting mWto dBm: & Converting dBmto mW:

dBi ~ The unit of measurement dBirefers only to the gain of an antenna. The dBimeasurement is used in RF calculations in the same manner as dB. Units of dBiare relative.

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Cellular Technologies

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Radio/Cellular Concepts & Definition

Cellular systems offer location-independent voice communications:
~users can move freely while talking ~they can place calls at any time and any place ~they can be called everywhere Early mobile radio systems - Cover a large area by using a single, high powered transmitter with an antenna mounted on a tall tower. Replacing a single, high power transmitter (large cell) with many low power transmitters (small cells). Available channels can be reused as many times as necessary. Key components that make up cellular systems; ~The cellular layout ~A network of radio base stations and antennas ~BSC which manage several BTS ~MSC, which gathers traffic from dozens of cells & pass it on to PSTN
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Radio/Cellular Concepts & Definition

Interference
Radio Interference is when co-channel, same channel, or and adjacent channel degrades call quality.

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Radio/Cellular Concepts & Definition

Fading
Caused by interference between 2 or more versions of the transmitted signals, which arrives at the receiver at different times.

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Radio/Cellular Concepts & Definition

Techniques to Reduce Interference
Equalization a method used to extract desired signals from unwanted

reflections
Frequency Hopping allows to change frequency alternatively Interleaving & Channel Coding adds redundancy bits Power Control Timing Advance

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Wireless Standards

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Wireless Standards
Working Group/Organizations
Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) - A volunteer-based organization facilitated by members of various companies. Oversee a number of working groups that focus on specific areas or wireless technology such as qualifications, engineering & marketing. The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) - an organization that conducts extensive research in a broad spectrum of technologies.

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) Forum WECA (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance)

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Wireless Standards

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GSM
GSM is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system, each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot number.

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GSM
Phase 2+

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GSM Architecture

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GSM
Mobile Station (MS)
2 different entities Mobile Equipment & SIM Output power 2 W Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Is implemented as a smart card
Mobile Identification Numbers International Mobile Equipment ID (IMEI) each MS is permanently stored with a ID. Can be used to determine if a unit is stolen or faulty. Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) Is a dial able number that callers use to reach mobile subscribers. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Is a unique non-dial able number allocated to each mobile subscriber in GSM system.

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GSM
Handovers

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GSM
Evolution

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WAP
Is a suite of communication protocols for the wireless & mobile devices designed to access the internet independent of manufacturer, vendor, &

technology. WAP bridges the gap between the mobile world & the Internet as well as corporate intranets, & offers the ability to deliver an unlimited range of mobile value-added services to subscribersindependent of their network, bearer, & terminal.

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GPRS
Is a new non-voice, value added, high-speed, packet-switching technology, for GSM networks. It makes sending and receiving small bursts of data, such as email and web browsing, as well as large volumes of data over a mobile telephone network possible.

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EDGE
Is a radio based high-speed mobile data standard which acts as an enhancement for GPRS networks. EDGE (also known as EGPRS) is a superset to GPRS & can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrades.

EDGE is a technology that gives GSM the capacity to handle services for the third generation of mobile telephony. EDGE provides three times the data capacity of GPRS.

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3G
1G - period began in the late 1970s & lasted through the 1980s. It transmit only analog voice information. The most prominent systems AMPS, NMT, & TACS. 2G - began in the 1990s, & much of this technology is still in use. The 2G cell phone features digital voice encoding. Examples include CDMA, TDMA, and GSM. Since its inception, 2G technology has steadily improved, with

increased bandwidth, packet routing, & the introduction of multimedia. The present state of mobile wireless communications is often called 2.5G. Characteristics of 3G ~ High spectral efficiency ~ Used world wide for all mobile applications ~ Packet switch & Circuit switch ~ Offers data rates up to 2Mbps ~ Improved mobility & coverage

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The Benefits of 3G

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UMTS
UMTS is envisioned as the successor to GSM. UMTS signals the move into the third generation (3G) of mobile networks. UMTS also addresses the growing demand of mobile an& Internet applications for new capacity in the overcrowded mobile communications sky. The new network increases transmission speed to 2 Mbps per mobile user & establishes a global roaming standard.

UMTS, also referred to as wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), is one of the most significant advances in the evolution of telecommunications into 3G networks. Provides a vital link between todays multiple GSM systems & the ultimate single worldwide standard for all mobile telecommunications, International Mobile Telecommunications2000 (IMT2000).

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UMTS Network Architecture

Uu: UE to Node B (W-CDMA air interface) Iu: RNC to Core Network (MSC & SGSN) ~ Iu CS ~ Iu - PS Iub: RNC to Node B Iur: RNC to RNC

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UTRAN

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RNC Functions

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Node B Overview

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UMTS User Equipment

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Classification of Handover in WCDMA

Handover in 3G / UMTS are similar to those in GSM Inter-System Handover ~ Handover to GSM & vice versa Inter-Frequency Handover ~ handover between WCDMA carriers on different frequencies

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Roadmap to 3G & Beyond

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Roadmap of Wireless Communications Technologies

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3G LTE
LTE is a set of enhancements to the UMTS which will be introduced in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8. Much of 3GPP Release 8 will focus on adopting 4G mobile communications technology, including an all-IP flat networking architecture.

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WiMAX
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for wireless "metropolitan area networks. WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations.

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WiMAX
Topologies Urban & Rural

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Femto Cells

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Femto Architecture

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MIMO Technology
Multiple-input & Multiple-output, MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter & receiver to improve communication performance.

It offers significant increases in data throughput & link range without additional bandwidth, or transmit power.

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End of Presentation

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