EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Dr. K.Nagamani Professor Structural Engineering Division College of Engineering, Chennai-25.

 As is said often quakes dont kill people, it is the unsafe buildings, which do. The Bhuj quakes aftermath is a living example of this.

codes are not mandatory and hence not adhered to. As a result, even structures in urban areas like Ahmedabad crashed literally like a pack of cards.

Loading Pattern and Resulting Internal Structural Actions

Roof

Level j+1

Level j

Level 1 The frame Forces Shear forces Oturning Moment

Types of Control Structures

Conventional structures Passive vibration Control Semi-Active and Active vibration Control

Configuration
architectural shape and size; type, size and location of structural elements; type, size and location of nonstructural elements.

PLAN OF BUILDING
(Asymmetry should be avoided)

Asymmetric buildings undergo torsion and the extreme corners of asymmetric buildings are subjected to very large earthquake forces

GENERAL SHAPE OF BUILDING

Very slender buildings should be avoided

Inverted pendulum type buildings are unstable

GENERAL SHAPE OF BUILDING

Sudden change in lateral stiffness should be

Projections and large overhangs

Avoid long projected balcony

Large projections should be avoided

Floating columns

Large overhangs, projections and floating columns attract large earthquake force and therefore likely to damage/collapse due to unstability

Separation of dissimilar buildings

To avoid collision, adjacent dissimilar buildings should be separated by a minimum gap
Type of construction Minimum gap per storey(mm) Load Bearing Building 15 RCC Frame Building 20 Steel Frame Building 30

Buildings with soft storey

Weak beam and strong column design

Conventional Structural Systems

The main vertical resisting systems for earthquakes are:
shear walls; braced frames; moment resisting (or rigid) frames.

Horizontal Diaphragm Acts as a horizontal I-beam. That is, the diaphragm itself acts as the web of the beam and its edges act as flanges

Shear Walls
Shear walls are vertical walls that are designed to receive lateral forces from diaphragms and transmit them to the ground. The forces in these walls are predominantly shear forces in which the fibers within the wall try to slide past one another. When you build a house of cards, you design a shear wall structure, and you soon learn that sufficient card "walls" must be placed at right angles to one another or the house will collapse.

Shear Walls

 Braced Frames Braced frames act similarly to shear walls. The most common material for bracedframe construction is steel in the form of rolled sections or tubes. Where diagonal bracing is used, the braces in compression are sometimes ignored because of buckling. Where the bracing is in one direction only (within the plane of the braced frame) the diagonal member must be proportioned to prevent buckling when in compression.

Moment Resistant Frames

Non-structural Components
It is common place for engineers to ignore the structural effect of these elements. In some cases the non-structural elements provide accidental strength to the building. They may, however, interfere adversely with the structural behaviour of the essential loadcarrying structure. This could lead to unanticipated overstressing of essential load-carrying members.

Nonstructural Components
Partition walls Architectural Elements Mechanical Elements

HEAVY MASS ON TOP - W.T. COLLAPSE WHIPPING EFFECT

Basic Configuration Issues and Structural Response

The size of a building The height of a building horizontal dimensions height/width ratio to 3 or 4 symmetry redundancy soft storey concept is very dangerous strong column weak beam

A WEAK COLUMN STRONG FLOOR SYSTEM

A WEAK COLUMN STRONG BEAM SYSTEM

WEAK COLUMN - STRONG BEAM SYSTEM

WEAK COLUMN-STRONG ROOF SYSTEM

EXCESSIVE TOP CANTILEVERS

HEAVY CANTILEVER FRONT FACADE

HEAVY MASS ON TOP - W.T. COLLAPSE WHIPPING EFFECT

Insufficient connection between the RC elevator core and rest of the building lead to the underutilization of the lateral strength and stiffness of the elevator core

Collapse of upper storey of a building at Gandhidham. It is suspected that this may have been caused by inadequate lap lengths in the column reinforcement.

No building is earthquake-proof. But a properly engineered tall building should be able to withstand the maximum credible earthquake for its area without collapse, and lesser seismic events without major structural damage, says R. Shankar Nair, Chairman of Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Chicago. Of course, mistakes do happen, even in the U.S. But if American standards of design and construction had prevailed in the Bhuj area (an economic impossibility, of course), there would have been casualties from the collapse of a few small buildings and from falling objects, but no large, recently-built multi-storey building should have collapsed.

Materials
high ductility; high strength-to-weight ratio; homogeneity; ease in making full-strength connections.

Some Advanced Earthquake Resistant Techniques

Base Isolation Energy Dissipation Devices

Energy Dissipation Devices

Friction Dampers Metallic Dampers Viscoelastic Dampers Viscous Dampers

What is Structural Control?

Mechanical system employed to reduce structural vibrations Control device Control algorithms Enhance the safety and habitability of structures Interested in numerous sources of vibration Winds (Strong gusts and typhoons) Earthquakes (Weak and strong) Machinery Types of structural control Passive (Very common approach to control) Active Semi-Active

Concept of Semi- and Active Control

Two approaches to the employment of
active and semi-active structural control systems: Feed-back control (most common) Feed-forward control (least common)

Passive Structural Control

Tend to be very simple systems Requires no external power to operate Simply impart forces which are developed in response to structures motion Relatively inexpensive solution to reducing structural vibrations Usually compact and non-invasive to architectural spaces Limits exist on the amount of control attainable

Passive Control Device Types

Viscoelastic Dampers: Contains a viscoelastic polymer sandwiched between two metal plates. Viscoelastic polymer deforms through shear action removing energy from the system.

Viscoelastic Polymer Brace Damper

 Cylindrical viscous damper (CVD), a damper using the shearing resistance of a viscous fluid, consists of three concentric steel tubes filled with viscous fluid.

CVD

Lead Extrusion Damper

Typical installation (brace) of Lead Extrusion Damper

Bingham Material damper, using viscous resistance of a special filler, consists of a fluid filled cylinder, a piston and a rod.

The Oiles Viscous Wall Damper is a vibration attenuator

using the shear resistance force of a highly viscous fluid

Base Isolation
lead-rubber bearings

These are among the frequently-used types of base isolation bearings

Base-Isolated and Fixed-Base Buildings

Lead-Rubber Bearing

Base-Isolated, Fixed-Base Buildings

BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM

Without Base Isolation
With Base Isolation

What is the Tuned Mass Damper System?

This is a system for absorbing the vibrations within a building generated by high winds or an earthquake. There are two main systems classified as passive control and active control. The passive control systems, such us a TMD (Tuned Mass Damper) using a weight which oscillates at the same period as the building does and an additional damper that connects two relatively moving points when the building oscillates, absorbs the vibrations automatically without the need of an electrical control system. The active control systems use a computer-controlled actuator to realize the best performance. They are AMD (Active Mass Damper) which suppresses the oscillation of a building by actuating a weight and an ABS(Active Brace System) which controls axial forces of braces and others.

 Function During an earthquake or strong wind, every building shakes at its own natural period depending on its rigidity and size. TMD-RP and AMD (Active Mass-added Damper) move so that the additional mass of the vibration control system offsets the motion of the building to absorb vibration energy.

A Second Type of Base Isolation: Spherical Sliding Isolation Systems

Damping Devices and Bracing Systems

Examples of Building Applications

San Francisco Airport International Terminal Owner: City & County of San Francisco Engineer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Friction PendulumTM seismic isolation of this new building protects the expansive glass exterior walls and the long span roof trusses. Use of Friction PendulumTM bearings, instead of the equivalent rubber bearings, saved 600 tons of structural steel. With over 1.2 million sq. ft. of supported space, it is the largest seismically isolated building in the world.

 U.S. Court of Appeals Owner: General Services Administration Engineer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Seismic retrofit of this historic building using Friction PendulumTM bearings saved $7.6 million in construction costs and 80,000 sq. ft. of basement space, compared to the rubber bearing design. The project won the 1994 GSA Design Award for Engineering, Technology & Innovation

 Hayward City Hall Owner: City of Hayward Engineer: KPFF Consulting Engineers Friction PendulumTM bearings protect this essential government facility, located 700 ft. from the Hayward Fault, from the damaging effects of strong, near-field earthquake ground motions.

American River Bridge

Isolation Bearings Lower Construction Costs and Double Seismic Resistance Capacity

 The American River Bridge at Lake Natoma in Folsom, California, is one of the largest new bridges to use seismic isolation. Friction PendulumTM seismic isolation allows the bridge to elastically resist the safety level earthquake, with no structural damage. The use of seismic isolation bearings saved $1 million in construction costs, compared to the non-isolated bridge design. The construction cost savings came from a reduction in the size of the drilled caissons. Seismic force demands for the non-isolated bridge design, would have been more than twice the bridges's elastic strength capacity. Consequently, a non-isolated bridge would have been expected to sustain structural damage during the safety level design earthquake event. The bridge structure consists of two post-tensioned concrete box frames on piers supported by 8 foot diameter drilled caissons. The 48 Friction PendulumTM bearings are located on top of the piers and abutments. The bearings have a 10 inch displacement capacity and support dead plus live loads of up to 4 million pounds. The bearings were installed pre-displaced so as to accommodate construction movements from post-tensioning and concrete shrinkage.

White River Bridge

Seismic Isolation Bearings Subject To Extreme Cold Temperatures

 The new White River Bridge constructed in the Yukon, Canada, is supported on 9 Friction PendulumTM seismic isolation bearings. It is a 590 feet long, steel girder structure consisting of 2 spans which carry 2 lanes of traffic. Use of Friction PendulumTM seismic isolation bearings achieved an elastic structure response for the design level earthquake (0.2g peak ground acceleration), at a substantially lower cost than would have been possible without isolation bearings. Because of its location in northern Canada, the White River Bridge is subjected to extreme temperatures. The Friction PendulumTM seismic isolation bearings are able to maintain their design properties over a wide range of temperatures, including extreme cold conditions. The bearings maintained their design stiffness and damping when tested over a temperature range of -94F to +140F. When tested at temperatures as low as -166F, they demonstrated stable performance without incurring bearing damage.

 Emergency Operations Center Owner: State of Washington Engineer: KPFF Consulting Engineers Friction PendulumTM seismic isolation of this essential emergency facility ensures continued operations following an earthquake.

Citicorp Building NYC-TMD

Built in 1978 with an unusual base 400 ton TMD installed on top Deflections reduced by 40% The mass moves in the opposite direction to building movement

ACTIVE MASS DAMPER(AMD)

During winds and small earthquakes Large mass whose motion is controlled by an actuator Velocity feedback system Mass of AMD is 1% of the building weight Need large amount of power 20% damping in first mode and 5% in second mode With the AMD at top, displacement at roof level is reduced by to 1/3

Kyobashi Siewa Building

1989, Tokyo, Japan Extremely narrow building(33mx4m)- 10 Stories Steel Construction First Active structural controlled building in the world

Application of structural control system: TMD

Crystal Tower Osaka Prefecture (Completed in 1990) Design: Takenaka Corporation Total Floor Space:85,994 m2 Number of floors: 2 floors below ground, 37 floors above ground Structural control device: TMD with six 90t weight masses (Utilizing crystal ice heat storage tanks) Object: Vibration control for a building against heavy wind (Transverse movements in two directions )

 Crystal Tower Osaka Prefecture

Application of vibration control structure system: AMD

Applause Tower Osaka Prefecture (Completed in 1992) Design: Takenaka Corporation Total Floor Space:96,793 m2 Number of floors: 3 below ground, 34 above ground Structural control device: AMD, mass weight 480t (Utilizing a heliport) Object: Suppression of building vibration in strong winds or medium/small earthquakes (Parallel movements in two directions)

Applause Tower

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