Examples of International Cultures

INTRODUCTION
Changes in socio-political conditions in the modern world. Globalization Mass Media Broadening of education zone

Japan
BASIC CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS Solidarity Confucianism Sense of obligation Respect for the authority

Japan (cont)
Island- nation: Human counter part of their volcanic island setting Self imposed policy of isolationism Linguistic isolation Less diversity than any other culture may be because of enigmatic nature of their language. Standardization of the houses(mat module) A carpet 3 feet by 6 feet

INTRODUCTION

Japan (cont)

A JOURNEY THOROGH THE HISTORY(copability)

In seventh century adopted chineses law, customs, method of writing, buddhism and Confucianism, Shintoism, In the sixteen century from Portugal and Spain Trade, Christianity, Printing, rifles. Meiji Restoration and expansion of the borders in The japanese nation entered the world community of nations as learner, rather than instructor(Hall&Richard 1965) A borrow-culture, seminal culture but not copy culture

Japan (cont)
A JOURNEY THOROGH THE HISTORY(copability) Western models serve as a kind of generalized phenomenon of seiyo kabure which was actually the imitation of external customs in ones own manner. These models were usually sought to be built o the principle of saicho hotan-adoption of foreign strong points to supplement Japanese weak points.(Kinhide Mushakoji) New patterns are not perceived as threatening or corrosive to established mores(Hall&Beardsley 1965)

Japan (cont)
A JOURNEY THOROGH THE HISTORY(COPABILITY & SOLIDARITY) Modern Japan has even been portrayed as an acrobat who has never had to perform without a safety net beneath him or her; if daring advances failed, the traditions of Japan were always there to protect and rescue(Guillain 1970) Analogy of Water Analogy of a soft cloth Copability in other situations

Japan (cont)
Reasons for this attitude
Japanese have only general policies not fixed principals The Japanese language is , generally speaking , very poor in imaginative words based on abstract and universal ideas Language is infinite, probability, poetic nuance, honorifics, para-language gestures

Japan (cont)
UNIQUENESS OF JAPANESE CULTURE Japan adopted language(Kanji) from China but simplified and made Kata-Kana and Hiragana for spoken language. Sentimentality of feelings Discipline, routine, assembly line, tea ceremony, gardening , flower arranging

Japan (cont)
UNIQUENESS OF JAPANESE CULTURE Foreign Culture learning is motivated by rules not but common people , Renaissance and industrial revolution. people as limb of body and leaders heart

Japan (cont)
CONFUCIANISM Japanese readily adjustment to Occupational forces Confucian ethic of obedience to exalted power and with the Buddhist virtue of passive acceptance of destiny, rather than an active modification of it. Change is not conceived as being caused by the will of the people; rather, environmental demands or daily ordeals dictate the behavior of the people.

Japan (cont)
CONFUCIANISM Confucianism involves vast yoke of structure, piety, duty to the group, and loyalty to the state Factor of shame Realms of duty increasing enterprise consciousness vs class consciousness I am we formula no word for privacy Donen groups of males of same age Academic,political,business oyakobun relationship .Oya senior , ko junior First and second person is some time omited it is the shallow water which makes the noise

Japan (cont)
The East What is possible depends upon the circumstances. One does not make the wind but is blown by it.

The East

The West All thongs are possible. Where there is a will, there is a way. Io am the captain of my soul, captain of my fate. The word impossible is only in the dictionary of fools. Its the squeaky wheel that gets the oil. You have to blow your own horn. Faint heart never won fair maiden. Nice guys finish last. He travels the fastest who travels alone If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears different drummer.

The

The greatness of a person may be measured by ones humility, not by ones assertiveness. Quiet Waters run deep.

The nail that stand above the board gets nailed down.

China
China Vs West One mans sweet is another mans sour Prevention, not cure or punishment is the primary goal. Xenophobia Double-edged hospitality Pollyanna Syndrome

China (cont)
Concepts Dont feel comfortable doing business through telephone No, hes not a foreigner , he speaks Chinese Being alone is a freighting prospect. Greetings are done in order of agealways greet the eldest member of a group first As status is recognized by age, university degree and profession, use of a persons title is important. Address someone as Dr. or Professor whenever possible. Do not call someone by their first name until they ask you to Put your university degree or any accreditations on your business card Deploy senior staff members to communicate and make announcements to general staff Be prepared for answers like we will see, or let us think about it which in the non-confrontational Chinese society actually mean no

 Harmony is achieved by giving face to others and avoiding losing your own face. The concept of face or Mianzi is especially important in the Chinese culture. Face can be loosely translated as honor, good reputation or respect. How we are perceived by others is critical in every circumstanceones age, position, status, family reputation, network, educational level and accomplishments contribute to the level of face one expects to receive from others.

 Chinese people tend to give face to others by being overly polite at times, while they expect others to reciprocate the level of face they give. Declining a request, offer or invitation directly may be considered as not giving face to others. Likewise, losing your temper, confronting someone, putting someone on the spot, arrogant behavior or failing to accord proper respect to a person can cause a loss of face.

Saudai Arabi Saudi Arabia

INTRODUCTION Whhabism Strict code of behaviour Fatalism Inshallah, maktoob(one can make plans but not promises) Conservatism courage Family devotion, fatalism, group harmony, honour, hospitality, male dominance, nationalism, patience, piety, pride, self-respect, sexual modesty, status and traditionalism.

Saudi Arabia(Cont..)
Language Standard Language Koranic Arabic Verbal patterns Metaphors , similes, paralinguistic expressions. Verbal threats are more in common

Saudi Arabia(Cont..)
Language Flat intonation pattern is used in declarative sentences, stronger and emotional intonation pattern for exclamatory sentence. Questions by them may seem as anger Monotonous tone of declarative sentences may look apathy

Saudi Arabia(Cont..)
NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE Hand held over the heart(sincerity) Thumb-forefinger circle(OK) Tapping the side of the forehead(thinking) Chin flick (dis interest) Forefinger placed on the side of nose(dislike of idea) Upward toss of the head(no) Downward tug of the lower eyelid(incredulity)

Saudi Arabia(Cont..)
BASIC CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS Stand near and touch each other frequently Eye gazes almost continuously Elaborate and extend introduction Hand shakes extend for several minutes Tea ceremony Small talk before business talk

India India
INTRODUCTION Long history(5,ooo years) World-View Reincarnation Dharma Caste system Spirit of tolerance

India (Cont..)

WORLD VIEW Brahman(The supreme being) Universe is cyclic Emphasizes the need for understanding the nature of relationship between man to man, man to living things, man to non living thing Individual part of the universe(Brahman) (i) multiple world (ii) moral world(law of Karma) (iii) middle world (iv) maya (v) training ground

India (Cont..)
TYPES OF WORLD (i) multiple world (ii) moral world(law of Karma) (iii) middle world (iv) maya (v) training ground

India (Cont..)
REINCARNATION Metempsychosis Mokasha or Nirwana Law of Karma organic to human nature

India (Cont..)
DHARMA Law of moral conduct individual as well as social Personal habit, social and family ties, fasts and feasts, and all the actions Cleanliness Good behaviour Social service Worship

India (Cont..)

CASTE SYSTEM 1) Brahmins. priests, seers, teaching, preaching, assisting in the sacrificial processes, giving alms, receiving gifts. 2) Kashtryas Protectors of life and treasure, indentified with the administrative or te ruling classes. (3) Vaisyas Cultivators, traders, business people, herders

India (Cont..)
CASTE SYSTEM (4) Sudras: Artisians specialists such as carpenters, blacksmiths, and laborers. (5) untouchables: Leather tanning, sweeping the streets, slaughtering animals.

Austrailia (Cont..)

CASTE SYSTEM cosmopolitan environment Individuality Equality a fair go Ease Going Nicknames: RSVP BYO Australia has one of the most diverse cuisines in the world but has no national dish

Austrailia (Cont..)

CASTE SYSTEM a spirit of egalitarianism Individuality a fair go larrikinism Irony and an ability to laughat themselves. cultural pluralism

 IndividualityAustralians generally prefer to be treated as individuals. Many people do not represent themselves as a member of a specific class, religion, profession or group. EqualityAustralians are encouraged from an early age through schooling and socialisation that all people should have equal social, legal and political rights. You may have heard the phrase a fair go. These rights are protected through the Australian Constitution and by Commonwealth and State Anti-discrimination laws. These laws prevent individuals in Australia being discriminated against on the grounds of gender, race, and sexuality, political, religious or physical and intellectual disability.

Easy goingThe ideals of individuality and equality allow for open discussion between people about ideas, issues and events. This is considered normal and encouraged within our culture. Guide to using names In Australia first names are most commonly used to address someone. If you know a persons first name it is usually appropriate to use it when speaking to them. Similarly, when you meet someone for the first time it is a good idea to tell him/her your preferred name. Mr, Mrs, Miss: It is polite to address men or women that are older than you as Mr, Mrs or Miss and then their family name (for example, Mr Smith or Mrs Jones). Often they will ask you to call them by their first name once they get to know you better. Ms: Many women in Australia prefer to be addressed as Ms (pronounced mizz) followed by their family name. This term is used both for single or married women in place of the term Mrs or Miss. If you are unsure it is acceptable to ask the person what they prefer to be called. Nicknames: many Australians also use what is known as a nickname. This is often not their real name, but a name given to them by friends because of a physical or social characteristic that is individual to them. It may also be a shortened version of their real name. For instance someone called Matthew may be called Matt or Christine (female) or Christopher (male) may also both be called Chris. It is not considered offensive when friends use nicknames to address each other; in fact it is often a sign of acceptance or belonging to a social group or network.

Social invitation If you receive a formal written invitation or an informal invite from a new friend by phone or text, they will expect you to reply quickly. Many written invitations have the letters RSVP and a date on them. In this case it is expected that you will need to advise them if you are able to attend or not by the date; RSVP simply means Please reply. If you have a formal appointment with a Doctor, Tutor, Lecturer or Student Advisor you are expected to be present at the arranged time. If you arrive late it is unlikely that you will be able to attend the appointment because you have missed the agreed time and other people may be booked in after you. Appointments for social activities are more flexible, but it is important to arrive as close to the appointed time as you possibly can, especially for dinner invitations. If you are delayed it is considered good manners to phone the person before the agreed time and inform them when you expect to arrive. It is also often customary to pay for your share of the cost when you are invited to a restaurant, movie or theatre.

 BYO (Bring Your Own) Unlike many cultures, if you are invited to a party it is often BYOBring Your Own. This means that you are expected to bring your own drinks such as soft drinks or alcohol. If you are invited to a party and you are unsure if it is BYO, ask the person who invited you to clarify this. Many restaurants are also BYO and it is acceptable to bring your own alcohol, such as wine or beer. If you BYO to a restaurant you will have to pay a service fee called corkage. Non-alcoholic drinks, such as juice or soft drink, are usually available. If you have young children it is often acceptable to bring drinks for them in a small container.

 More than 6.5 million migrants have settled in Australia since 1945. English is the national language but other languages are valued. Australia is predominantly Christian but people are free to practise any religion they choose. Around 88 per cent of Australians go to at least one cultural event each year. More than 11 million Australians aged 15 or over take part in sport or other physical activity. Australia has one of the most diverse cuisines in the world but has no national dish.

respect for equal worth, dignity and freedom of the individual freedom of speech and association freedom of religion and a secular government support for parliamentary democracy and the rule of law equality under the law equality of men and women equality of opportunity peacefulness a spirit of egalitarianism that embraces tolerance, mutual respect, and compassion for those in need. Australia also holds firmly to the belief that no one should be disadvantaged on the basis of their country of birth, cultural heritage, language, gender or religious belief.

a fair go larrikinism Irony and an ability to laughat themselves. cultural pluralism

 V Emphasize physical beauty and youth. V Fire older people to hire younger people for less money. V Judge a workers worth based on production, not seniority. American ViewThe concept of selfdetermination negates much of the influence of fate and destiny. Parents tell their children they can be whatever they want to be when they grow up. There are few givens in life, and people have little sense of external limits. Lack of success is their own fault

Austrailia (Cont..)

CASTE SYSTEM America is enormous: the third largest country in the world with a population of more than 300 million people. Nothing ventured, nothing gained Concept of Face Material possessions are a measure of success. Americans need a lot of elbow room; they like personal space around them. Littering (throwing garbage on the street), grafti and tagging (writing on the walls), and loitering (standing around and doing nothing) are against the law and are punishable by a ne or jail

 V Nothing ventured, nothing gained. Because we are ultimately in control of our lives and destiny, we have no excuse for unhappiness nor misfortune. If you are suffering or unhappy, then just do whatever it takes to be happy again. If youre depressed, its because you have chosen to be.

 7. Concept of Face V Its important to tell it like it is, be straight with people. V Confrontation is sometimes necessary to clear the air. V Honesty is the best policy 8. Source of Self Esteem/Self Worth V People judge you by how much money you make. V First question at a party is, What do you do? V Material possessions are a measure of success.

 America is enormous: the third largest country in the world with a population of more than 300 million people. Americans need a lot of elbow room; they like personal space around them. 10. Many people, especially teenagers, wear strange clothes, and many have tattoos and body piercings.

 12. Littering (throwing garbage on the street), grafti and tagging (writing on the walls), and loitering (standing around and doing nothing) are against the law and are punishable by a ne or jail 17. Americans smile a lot and talk easily to strangers, sharing personal stories

Austrailia (Cont..)

CASTE SYSTEM Americans smile a lot and talk easily to strangers, sharing personal stories. When Americans put their hands on their hips, they are usually relaxed; when they fold their arms tightly across their chests, they are angry or very serious (or cold). going Dutch Time is money. 56. Americans love their pets, sometimes more than they love people. 57. Homosexuality is protected by law in the United States. 100. Americans often talk to each other or on the cell phone while using the bathroom. 36. Never ask Americans a direct question about their religion, age, money, salary, weight, or dress/suit size

 19. When Americans put their hands on their hips, they are usually relaxed; when they fold their arms tightly across their chests, they are angry or very serious (or cold). 24. Usually, when friends meet at a restaurant they each pay their share of the bill or split the bill in half. Its called going Dutch

 Time is money. 56. Americans love their pets, sometimes more than they love people. 57. Homosexuality is protected by law in the United States. 100. Americans often talk to each other or on the cell phone while using the bathroom.
36. Never ask Americans a direct question about their religion, age, money, salary, weight, or dress/suit size