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Introduction
A power system engineer must ensure that the power demand is satisfied and the voltage at each load bus is between a specified limit ( 0.95 V 1.05)
Factors affecting voltage profile : System load high voltage at low load - low voltage at high load Impedance of the transmission line
High impedance, high voltage drop Low impedance, low voltage drop
Long transmission line high impedance and hence caused high voltage drop. High reactive load caused low voltage condition.
Control by Var generators :1. 2. 3. Static capacitors (capacitor banks) Synchronous capacitors / condensor Static Var Compensators (SVC) These compensation techniques would directly inject reactive power at the load buses and thus improve the voltage at each load bus. This technique would also improve the power factor at the load buses.
Controlling the on-load tap changing transformer (OLTC) vary turn ratio
Controlling the tap setting of an OLTC could improve the receiving end voltage of the OLTC.
FACTS devices which are based on solid state control are capable of control action at far higher speed. 3 parameters that control transmission line power flow :1. Line impedance 2. Voltage magnitude 3. Voltage angle
Static Var Compensator (SVC) It is a paralled combination of capacitor and inductor to provide a fast variable source or sink of reactive power.
Static Compensator (Statcom) it is a voltage source converter which is capable to compensate (source or sink) for reactive power. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) it is a thyristor controlled series compensator and phase shifter (change the angle), which is capable of controlling the active and reactive power as well as voltage angle.