Compiled By : Surender singh Dept. ECE(Electronics & comm. Roll no.

09-ece-57

 The embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software additional electrical & mechanical parts A computer is used in such devices primarily as a means to simplify the system design and to provide flexibility. Embedded systems employ the use of a RTOS (Real-Time Operating System).

Block Diagram of Embedded System

Microcontroller
A smaller computer. On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... Example:- Motorolas 6811, Intels 8051 and PIC 16X

CPU

RAM

ROM

A single chip
I/O Port Timer Serial COM Port

Microcontroller

The 8051 Microcontroller :

The 8051 is the first microcontroller of the MCS-51 family introduced by Intel Corporation at the end of the 1970s.

The 8051 family characteristics:

The 8051 family characteristics: 4K Bytes ROM 128 Bytes RAM two timer/counters (16 bit) A serial port 32 input/output port Interrupt controller

8051 Internal Architecture

IC 8051 Pin Description

Voltage Supply (+5V)

Ground

IC 8051 Pin Description

Port 0 from Pin-39 to Pin-32
An 8-bit open drain bidirectional port.

DUAL FUNCTION
Used to access both data and address

IC 8051 Pin Description

Port 1 from Pin-1 to pin-8
8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups

IC 8051 Pin Description

Port 2 from Pin-21 to pin-28

Used to access address and I/O

IC 8051 Pin Description

P3.0 : RxD(serial input port) P3.1 :TxD (serial output port) P3.2 :INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 :INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4 :T0 (timer 0 external input) P3.5 :T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 :WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7 :RD (external data memory read strobe)

Port 3 from Pin-10 to Pin-17

IC 8051 Pin Description

External memory

reset
Add. Latch enable

Program Store Enable crystal

IC 8051 Daily Applications

Digital clock Moving message display

7 segment display

Traffic Light

IC 8051 Addressing Modes

Immediate addressing modes
ADD A, #23h (Add immediate data to Acc)

Register addressing modes

ADD A, R2 (Add register to Accumulator)

Direct addressing modes

ADD A, 40h (Add data at location 40h to Accumulator)

Register Indirect addressing modes

ADD A,@R2 (Add indirect RAM to Acc)

Interrupts in 8051
An interrupt is an external or internal event that interrupts the microcontroller to inform it that a device needs its service The advantage of interrupts is that the microcontroller can serve many devices (not all at the same time)

Program

Program

Interrupt service time

Interrupts in 8051
EA ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0

Internal Interrupts

EX0 ET0 EX1 ET1 ES ET2 -EA

Enables or disables external interrupt Enables or disables timer 0 overflow interrupt Enables or disables external interrupt 1 Enables or disables timer 1 overflow interrupt Enables or disables the serial port interrupt Enables or disables timer 2 overflow or capture interrupt Not implemented, reserved for future use Disables all interrupts

External Interrupts

P3.2 :INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 :INT1 (external interrupt 1)

General Purpose Microprocessor

CPU for Computers No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself Example--Intels x86: 8086,8088,80386,80486, Pentium

CPU GeneralPurpose Microprocessor

Data Bus

Many chips on mother board

Serial COM Port

RAM

ROM

I/O Port

Timer

Address Bus General-Purpose Microprocessor System

The 8085 Microprocessor :

The features of INTEL 8085 are : It is an 8 bit processor. It is a single chip N-MOS device with 40 pins. It has multiplexed address and data bus.(AD0-AD7). It works on 5 Volt dc power supply. The maximum clock frequency is 3 MHz while minimum frequency is 500kHz. It provides 74 instructions with 5 different addressing modes.

IC 8085 Pin Description

IC 8085 Pin Description

AD0-AD7: Multiplexed Address and data lines.

A8-A15: Tri-stated higher order address lines.

ALE: Address latch enable is an output signal.It goes high when operation is
started by processor .

S0,S1: These are the status signals used to indicate type of operation.
RD: Read is active low input signal used to read data from I/O device or
memory.

WR: Write is an active low output signal used write data on memory or an
I/O device.

IC 8085 Pin Description

READY: This an output signal used to check the status of output device.If
it is low, P will WAIT until it is high. TRAP: It is an Edge triggered highest priority , non mask able interrupt. After TRAP, restart occurs and execution starts from address 0024H. RST 5.5,6.5,7.5: These are maskable interrupts and have low priority than TRAP. INTR&INTA: INTR is a interrupt request signal after which P generates INTA or interrupt acknowledge signal.

IO/M: This is output pin or signal used to indicate whether 8085 is working
in I/O mode(IO/M=1) or Memory mode(IO/M=0 ).

IC 8085 Pin Description

HOLD&HLDA: HOLD is an input signal .When P receives HOLD signal it
completes current machine cycle and stops executing next instruction. In response to HOLD P generates HLDA that is HOLD Acknowledge signal.

RESET IN: This is input signal. When RESET IN is low p restarts and starts
executing from location 0000H.

SID: Serial input data is input pin used to accept serial 1 bit data .

X1 & X2 : These are clock input signals and are connected to external LC,or
RC circuit.These are divide by two so if 6 MHz is connected to X1X2, the operating frequency becomes 3 MHz.

VCC & VSS: Power supply VCC=+ -5Volt& VSS=-GND reference.

Microprocessor v/s Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller

CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. expansive versatility general-purpose

CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports for applications in which cost, power and space are critical single-purpose

8085 Internal Architecture

Arithmetic and Logical Group

Accumulator:
It is 8 bit general purpose register. It is connected to ALU. So most of the operations are done in Acc.

Temporary register:
All the arithmetic and logical operations are done in the temporary register but user cant access it.

Flag:
It is a group of 5 flip flops used to know status of various operations done.
The Flag Register along with Accumulator is called PSW or Program Status Word.

Arithmetic and Logical Group

Flag is given by :

AC

CY

S: Sign flag is set when result of an operation is negative. Z: Zero flag is set when result of an operation is 0. Ac: Auxiliary carry flag is set when there is a carry out of lower nibble or
lower four bits of the operation.

CY: Carry flag is set when there is carry generated by an operation. P: Parity flag is set when result contains even number of 1s.
Rest are dont care flip flops.

Register Group
Temporary registers (W,Z): These are not available for user. These are loaded only
when there is an operation being performed.

General purpose: There are six general purpose registers in 8085 namely

B,C,D,E,H,L These are used for various data manipulations.

Special purpose : There are two special purpose registers in 8085: SP : (Stack Pointer) This is a temporary storage memory 16 bit register. Since there
are only 6 general purpose registers, there is a need to reuse them

PC: (Program Counter) It is 16 bit register used to point the location from which the
next instruction is to be fetched.

IC 8085 Addressing modes

Immediate addressing:
Immediate data is transferred to address or register. Example : MVI A,20H

Register addressing:
Data is transferred from one register to other. Example : MOV A, C

Indirect addressing:
Data is transferred from address pointed by the data in a register to other register or vice-versa. Example: MOV A, M

Implied addressing:
These doesnt require any operand. The data is specified in Opcode itself. Example: RAL: Rotate left with carry.

Interrupts in 8085
An interrupt is considered to be an emergency signal that may be serviced. The Microprocessor may respond to it as soon as possible.

Interrupts can also be classified into: Maskable Interrupts (Can be delayed or Rejected)

Non-Maskable Interrupts (Can not be delayed or Rejected)

The 8085 has 5 interrupt inputs.

The INTR input : INTR is mask-able using the EI/DI instruction pair.

RST 5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5 : They are all mask-able.
TRAP : is the only non-mask-able interrupt in the 8085

Interrupts in 8085
The 8085 recognizes 8 RESTART instructions: RST0 - RST7 . Each of these would send the execution to a predetermined hard-wired memory location:
Restart Instruction RST0 RST1 Equivalent to CALL 0000H CALL 0008H

RST2 RST3
RST4 RST5

CALL 0010H CALL 0018H

CALL 0020H CALL 0028H

RST6 RST7

CALL 0030H CALL 0038H

Timing and State Diagram

The P operates with reference to clock signal. The rise and fall of the pulse of the clock gives one clock cycle. Each clock cycle is called a T state and a collection of several T states gives a machine cycle. Important machine cycles are :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Op-code fetch. Memory read. Memory write. I/Op-read. I/O write.

Timing and State Diagram

Op-code fetch cycle :

Seven Segment Display

Seven segments are electronic components that can be used to displaying alphanumeric characters, 7 LED are used (as shown in figure) and is designed from a dot-point with the size.

pin configuration of seven segment

Seven Segment Display

7 pins of the microcontroller are used to shape the character of your LED display

Port Relations Microcontroller with pin 7 Segment

Seven Segment Display

Table 1. Configuring the Character 7 Segment Data

8051 Microcontroller
Design Softwares

Softwares Used

Keil Vision

Top View Simulator

Express PCB

Keil Vision IDE

The Vision IDE from Keil

combines project management, make facilities, source code editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The Vision development platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly create embedded programs that work. The Vision editor and debugger are integrated in a single application that provides a seamless embedded project development environment.

Top View Simulator

Topview Simulator gives an

excellent simulation environment for MCS 51 Microcontroller.

A beginner can learn about 8051 based embedded solutions without any hardware. An experienced designer, you may find most of the required facilities built in the simulator that enabling you to complete your next project without waiting for the target hardware.

Top View Simulator

A Top View Simulator Program

Express PCB
Express PCB allows you to design schematics and PCB's. It is ideal for those that are looking to design anywhere from a two to four layer circuit board. A drop and drag design allows users to pick the components of the circuit board and drop it onto the circuit board in the software program. The designer can then place various pins in the circuit board to show where things need to be connected. It also has the ability of the program to show the designer where there are flaws in their design.

Express PCB
This way we can include resistors

This way we can include different kind of ICs

DC Motor interfacing with Microcontrollers

DC motors are always preffered over stepper motors.

There are many things which we can do with our DC motor when interfaced
with microcontroller. For example: we can control the speed of motor, we can control the direction of rotation, we can also do encoding of the rotation made by DC motor i.e. keeping track of how many turns are made by our motors etc. Usually H-bridge is preffered way of interfacing a DC motor. L293D is most used H-Bridge driver IC.

Working of H-Bridge
The name "H-Bridge" is derived from the actual shape of the switching circuit which control the motion of the motor. It is also known as "Full Bridge". Basically there are four switching elements in the H-Bridge as shown

 Truth Table For H-Bridge

Truth Table High Left On High Right Off Low Left Off Low Right On Description

Motor runs clockwise

Motor runs anticlockwise Motor stops or decelerates Motor stops or decelerates

Off

On

On

Off

On Off

On Off

Off On

Off On

Stepper Motor
Of all motors, step motor is the easiest to control. It's handling simplicity is really hard to deny - all there is to do is to bring the sequence of rectangle impulses to one input of step controller and direction information to another input. Direction information is very simple and comes down to "left" for logical one on that pin and "right" for logical zero. Motor control is also very simple - every impulse makes the motor operating for one step and if there is no impulse the motor won't start. Pause between impulses can be shorter or longer and it defines revolution rate. This rate cannot be infinite because the motor won't be able to "catch up" with all the impulses (documentation on specific motor should contain such information)..

Interfacing of Stepper motor with 8051

Clock-wise Rotation of the Coils

Truth table 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 1