Petroleum Industry in Malaysia

1909 : Shell the pioneer began

exploration 1910 : First production by Shell ( 85 barrel per/day) 1950s: Moved into offshore Oil Exploration 1962: Oil discovered in 2 offshore Platforms 1968: 4 000 barrel per/day 1973: 90 000 barrel per/day

1974:Petroleum Nasional

(Petronas) establish 1975: Begin exporting crude oil to Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, Korea & Japan 1983: Kerteh Refinery owned by Petronas opened. Later in Port Dickson

Types of oil
Refined oil final process done.

Ready to use Crude Oil all process done except refine process.

Types of crude oil

Tapis

Labuan
Miri

Bintulu
Dulang

Marketing arm: Petronas

Dagangan Bhd Refinery: Petronas Penapisan Sdn Bhd.

Natural Gas for Vehicles (NGV)

Available at selected

Petronas service station Normally used by taxis

Gas District Cooling Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) Kuala Lumpur City Centre ( KLCC) Government complex in Putrajaya

Liquefied Natural Gas

52 oil field discovered for future

usage 47 gas field discovered for future usage Petronas LNG Complex in Bintulu, Sarawak is world largest LNG production facility at a single location.

Current Fuel Price

RON 97 : RM2.90

RON 95: RM 1.90

Tin Mining

Facts
Oldest industry in Malaysia

1000 Chinese arrived in

Malaysia in 1824, migrating because Manchu Government took over China and his people has lost their source of income. Tin was found in Larut, Perak in 1848 by Long Jaafar .

Method of Extracting Tin

Dulang

In streams by panning.
Dulang is wooden pan of diameter

50 cm , tin bearing material from under the stream is scooped into a dulang and the dulang is twirled just below water level. The lighter sand particles are washed over the edge of the

 Gravel Pumping
Spraying high pressure jets of

water on rocks containing tin ore and breaking them up. The tin bearing material is then washed down a depression called a sump A pump brings the material up a palong, a gently sloping wooden structure which separates tin

 Open Cast Tin Mining If tin found in underground,

dynamites are used to blow them off. Bulldozers used to collect the rocks with tin The rock collected are sent to a quarry for processing . Grind To separate tin ore & rock. Sg Besi is the world largest open cast tin mining .

 Tunnel method
Depth is 200 ft and runs for 200

miles. Labor was 1250 people at any time Product of tin was 750 pound per /day Sg Lembing Pahang , now abandoned as amount of life lost or injured

 Dredging
Malayan Tin Mining Batu Gajah

in 1912 Cost Straits Dollar 184 000 Minimum land size required is 500 hc Today ,it would cost RM 20 M and 18 -24 mth

Smelting
1200 1300 C

99.8 % pure tin produced made

into Ingots (jongkong Timah ) of 100 pounds each.

Collapse of tin mining industry is due to:

Falling in tin prices

Food industry substitutes like

aluminium, paper and plastic were used instead of tin. Awareness of environmental problem The rising cost of production High taxes Little land set aside for mining

Uses of tin
Food packaging

Electronic
Pewter

Dental amalgams
Engineering alloys

Wine capsules

Tourism Value
Tin mines now being developed

for Aquaculture, housing area, theme park & golf clubs.