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Lesson 1 - Overview
Alexander Sierra
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 1
Basics
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 2
Why CDMA?
Is the technology of choice for both 800 MHz Cellular and 1900 MHz PCS service providers Satisfies CTIA Users Performance Requirements Provides high capacity (many times the capacity of AMPS) Provides privacy through its coding scheme
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 3
Since the beginning of telephony and radio, system operators have tried to squeeze the maximum amount of traffic over each circuit Types of Media -- Examples: Twisted pair - copper Coaxial cable Fiber optic cable Air interface (radio signals) Advantages of Multiple Access Increased capacity: serve more users Reduced capital requirements since fewer media can carry the traffic Decreased per-user expense Easier to manage and administer
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font
Transmission
Medium
Each pair of users enjoys a dedicated, private circuit through the transmission medium, unaware that the other users exist.
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 4
FDMA
Power
TDMA
Power
each user on a different frequency a channel is a frequency TDMA Time Division Multiple Access each user on a different window period in time (time slot) a channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency CDMA Code Division Multiple Access each user uses the same frequency all the time, but mixed with different distinguishing code patterns a channel is a unique (set of) code pattern(s)
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font
CDMA
Power
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 5
45 or 80 MHz
CDMA Code Channel each individual stream of 0s and 1s contained in either the CDMA Forward Channel or in the CDMA Reverse Channel Code Channels are characterized (made unique) by mathematical codes code channels in the forward link: Pilot, Sync, Paging and Forward Traffic channels code channels in the reverse link: Access and Reverse Traffic channels
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 6
Other Technologies: Avoiding Interference In conventional radio technologies, the desired signal must be strong enough to override any interference AMPS, TDMA and GSM depend on physical distance separation to keep interference at low levels Co-channel users are kept at a safe distance by careful frequency planning Nearby users and cells must use different frequencies to avoid interference
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font
AMPS-TDMA-GSM
1 4 7 6 1 4 2 3 6 1 5 1 7 3 5 1 4 2 3 6 5 1 2 7 1
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 7
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 8
SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband Signal
Slow Information Sent TX RX Slow Information Recovered
Processing Gain
Traditional technologies try to squeeze the signal into the minimum required bandwidth Direct-Sequence Spread spectrum systems mix their input data with a fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original data The de-spreading gives substantial gain proportional to the bandwidth of the spreading signal CDMA uses a larger bandwidth but then uses resulting processing gain to increase capacity
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 9
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 10
Many code channels are individually spread and then added together to create a composite signal
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 11
Using the right mathematical sequences any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite signal
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 12
ORIGINATING SITE
Spread Data Stream (Base Band + Spreading Sequence) Input Data (Base Band)
DESTINATION
Recovered Data (Base Band)
Spreading Sequence
Spreading Sequence
Any data bit stream can be combined with a spreading sequence The resulting signal can be de-spread and the data stream recovered if the original spreading sequence is available and properly synchronized After de-spreading, the original data stream is recovered intact
Note - The spread sequences actually shown are icons, not accurate or to scale
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 13
Data
Mailer
Mailer
Data
Whether in shipping and receiving, or in CDMA, packaging is extremely important! Cargo is placed inside nested containers for protection and to allow addressing The shipper packs in a certain order, and the receiver unpacks in the reverse order CDMA containers are spreading codes
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 14
ORIGINATING SITE
X+A
DESTINATION
X+A
Input Data
Recovered Data
X
Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence
CDMA combines three different spreading sequences to create unique, robust channels The sequences are easy to generate on both sending and receiving ends of each link The sequences are applied in succession at the sending end and then reapplied in opposite order to recover the original data stream at the receiving end
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 15
How Many Spreading Codes Do We Need? (Discriminating Among Forward Code Channels)
Pilot FW Traffic (for user #1) Paging FW Traffic (for user #3)
Sync
A Mobile Station, tuned to a particular CDMA frequency, receives a Forward CDMA Channel from a sector in a Base Station. This Forward CDMA Channel carries a composite signal made of up to 64 forward code channels Some of these code channels are traffic channels while other are overhead channels needed by the CDMA system to operate properly. A set of 64 mathematical codes is needed to differentiate the 64 possible forward code channels that can be contained in a Forward CDMA Channel. The codes in this set are called Walsh Codes
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 16
Up to 64 Code Channels
Up to 64 Code Channels
A mobile Station is surrounded by Base Stations, all of them transmitting on the same CDMA Frequency Each Sector in each Base Station is transmitting a CDMA Forward Traffic Channel containing up to 64 distinct forward code channels A Mobile Station must be able to discriminate between different Sectors of different Base Stations and listen to only one set of code channels Two binary digit sequences called the I and Q Short PN Sequences (or Short PN Codes) are defined for the purpose of identifying sectors of different base stations These Short PN Sequences can be used in 512 different ways in a CDMA system. Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can be used to identify a particular sector of a particular base station
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 17
How Many Spreading Codes Do We Need? (Discriminating Among Reverse Code Channels)
The CDMA system must be able to uniquely identify each Mobile Station that may attempt to communicate with a Base Station A very large number of Mobile Stations will be in the market One binary digit sequence called the Long PN Sequence (or Long PN Code) is defined for the purpose of uniquely identifying each possible reverse code channel This sequence is extremely long and can be used in trillions of different ways. Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can be used to identify a particular user (and is then called a User Long Code) or a particular access channel (explained later in this course)
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 18
WALSH CODES: used as symbols for robustness SHORT PN: used at 0 offset for tracking
BTS
The three spreading codes are used in different ways to create the forward and reverse links A forward channel exists by having a specific Walsh Code assigned to the user, and a specific PN offset for the sector A reverse channel exists because the mobile uses a specific offset of the Long PN sequence
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 19
TRAFFIC: any remaining WALSH codes The traffic channels are assigned to
individual users to carry call traffic. All remaining Walsh codes are available, subject to overall capacity limited by noise
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 20
Coding Process in the Forward Direction MTX BSC BTS (1 sector) Short PN Code
PN Offset 246 I Q Walsh #0 Pilot Walsh #32 Sync Paging Vocoder Vocoder FEC Walsh #1 FEC CDMA Frequency
Transmitter, Sector X
Walsh #12
FEC Walsh #23 FEC Walsh #27
its CDMA RF carrier Frequency the unique Short Code PN Offset of the sector the unique Walsh Code of the user
Vocoder
Vocoder more more
FEC
Walsh #44 FEC more
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 21
ACCESS CHANNELS are used by mobile stations not yet in a call to transmit registration requests, call setup requests, page responses, order responses, and other signaling information an access channel is defined by a user-independent
public long code mask Access channels are paired with Paging Channels. There can be up to 32 access channels per paging channel
REG
1-800 242 4444
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 22
A Reverse Channel is identified by: its CDMA RF carrier Frequency the unique Long Code PN Offset of the individual handset
CDMA Frequency Receiver, Sector X User Long Code
Vocoder
Vocoder
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 23
Details of Operation
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 24
Vocoders compress speech, reduce bit rate CDMA uses a superior Variable Rate Vocoder
full rate during speech low rates in speech pauses increased capacity more natural sound
bits 288
Voice, signaling, and user secondary data may be mixed in CDMA frames
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font
36 1/8
Frame Contents: can be a mixture of Voice Signaling Secondary
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 25
Bits
Symbols
all forward traffic frames contain 384 symbols all reverse traffic frames contain 576 symbols
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 26
codes in the forward link, just one of these patterns is assigned to each users stream of symbols (code channel) each 0 symbol is replaced by the selected pattern (Walsh code) each 1 symbol is replaced by the logical negation of the selected pattern in the reverse link, all the 64 patterns (but not their logical negations) are used in every code channel each group of six symbols is interpreted as a binary value in the 0-63 range and replaced by the corresponding Walsh code
Symbols
Chips
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 27
Bits
Viterbi Decoder
Symbols
When all the symbols for a 20 millisecond frame have been recovered, the Viterbi decoder is used to guess the block of bits (frame) that most probably corresponds to this block of symbols Then, the CRC of this frame is calculated to determine if the guess was successful; if not, the frame is discarded (or erased)
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font
Despreading (integraton)
Chips
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 28
30
30
GSM 8 Users
Vulnerability: C/I @ 12-14 dB 1 4 200 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=4 2 3
CDMA 22 Users
1250 kHz
Vulnerability: Eb/No @ 6 dB
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 29
Eb
Bit Rate
B/t
N0
Bandwidth
Signal to Noise S Eb N0
R
= N W =
S R
W N
S N
W R Processing Gain
10 0.6
S N
10 0.6 10 1.94
Quality Indicator C/I @ 17 dB C/I @ 17 dB C/I @ 17 dB
10 -1.34 =
-13.4 dB
dB
S/N @ 13.4 dB
1 22
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 31
Power
260 KHz
260 KHz
GUARD BAND
CDMA CARRIER
GUARD BAND
Frequency
Each CDMA Channel: 1.250 MHz 30 kHz = 41.7 = ~41 AMPS channels Each Guard Band: 260 kHz 30 kHz = 8.7 = ~9 AMPS channels TOTAL: 1.77 MHz 30 kHz = 59 AMPS channels
AVAILABLE
41 AMPS channels 41 AMPS channels 41 AMPS channels
AVAILABLE
CDMA
CDMA
41 AMPS channels
CDMA
CDMA
CDMA
9 AMPS channels
Minimum Separation between AMPS/TDMA and CDMA center frequency: (1,250 kHz 2) + 260 kHz = 885 kHz
885 MHz
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 32
A
Channel Numbers
A (non-Wireline)
B (Wireline)
1013
31
73
115
157
199
241
283
384
426
468
510
552
594
636
691
777
*
CDMA A-Band Carriers CDMA B-Band Carriers
**
IS-95 RECOMMENDS TO START CDMA DEPLOYMENT WITH EITHER THE PRIMARY OR THE SECONDARY CHANNEL
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 33
To deploy a CDMA carrier centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 283, AMPS/TDMA Channels 254 through 312, inclusive, must be cleared from the CDMA coverage area The CDMA channel is implemented, centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 283. The first usable AMPS/TDMA Channels (outside of the Guard Zone) are Channels 253 and 313
N=7
a
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B
b
4B 5B 6B 7B
g
1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C
333 312 291 270 249 228 207 186 165 144 123 102 81 60 39 18
332 311 290 269 248 227 206 185 164 143 122 101 80 59 38 17
331 310 289 268 247 226 205 184 163 142 121 100 79 58 37 16
330 309 288 267 246 225 204 183 162 141 120 99 78 57 36 15
329 308 287 266 245 224 203 182 161 140 119 98 77 56 35 14
328 307 286 265 244 223 202 181 160 139 118 97 76 55 34 13
327 306 285 264 243 222 201 180 159 138 117 96 75 54 33 12
326 305 284 263 242 221 200 179 158 137 116 95 74 53 32 11
325 304 283 262 241 220 199 178 157 136 115 94 73 52 31 10
324 303 282 261 240 219 198 177 156 135 114 93 72 51 30 9
323 302 281 260 239 218 197 176 155 134 113 92 71 50 29 8
322 301 280 259 238 217 196 175 154 133 112 91 70 49 28 7
321 300 279 258 237 216 195 174 153 132 111 90 69 48 27 6
320 299 278 257 236 215 194 173 152 131 110 89 68 47 26 5
319 298 277 256 235 214 193 172 151 130 109 88 67 46 25 4
318 297 276 255 234 213 192 171 150 129 108 87 66 45 24 3
317 296 275 254 233 212 191 170 149 128 107 86 65 44 23 2
316 295 274 253 232 211 190 169 148 127 106 85 64 43 22 1
315 294 273 252 231 210 189 168 147 126 105 84 63 42 21
314 293 272 251 230 209 188 167 146 125 104 83 62 41 20
313 292 271 250 229 208 187 166 145 124 103 82 61 40 19
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 34
( 42 + 9 + 9 ) 21 = 2.8 = ~3 AMPS channels must be cleared per sector in the CDMA & AMPS area and in the Guard Zone to make room for the first CDMA channel/carrier/frequency
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 35
To deploy a CDMA carrier centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 384, AMPS/TDMA Channels 355 through 413, inclusive, must be cleared from the CDMA coverage area The CDMA channel is implemented, centered on AMPS/TDMA Channel 384. The first usable AMPS/TDMA Channels (outside of the Guard Zone) are Channels 354 and 414
N=7
a
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B
b
4B 5B 6B 7B
g
1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C
334 355 376 397 418 439 460 481 502 523 544 565 586 607 628 649
335 356 377 398 419 440 461 482 503 524 545 566 587 608 629 650
336 357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525 546 567 588 609 630 651
337 358 379 400 421 442 463 484 505 526 547 568 589 610 631 652
338 359 380 401 422 443 464 485 506 527 548 569 590 611 632 653
339 360 381 402 423 444 465 486 507 528 549 570 591 612 633 654
340 361 382 403 424 445 466 487 508 529 550 571 592 613 634 655
341 362 383 404 425 446 467 488 509 530 551 572 593 614 635 656
342 363 384 405 426 447 468 489 510 531 552 573 594 615 636 657
343 364 385 406 427 448 469 490 511 532 553 574 595 616 637 658
344 365 386 407 428 449 470 491 512 533 554 575 596 617 638 659
345 366 387 408 429 450 471 492 513 534 555 576 597 618 639 660
346 367 388 409 430 451 472 493 514 535 556 577 598 619 640 661
347 368 389 410 431 452 473 494 515 536 557 578 599 620 641 662
348 369 390 411 432 453 474 495 516 537 558 579 600 621 642 663
349 370 391 412 433 454 475 496 517 538 559 580 601 622 643 664
350 371 392 413 434 455 476 497 518 539 560 581 602 623 644 665
351 372 393 414 435 456 477 498 519 540 561 582 603 624 645 666
352 373 394 415 436 457 478 499 520 541 562 583 604 625 646
353 374 395 416 437 458 479 500 521 542 563 584 605 626 647
354 375 396 417 438 459 480 501 522 543 564 585 606 627 648
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 36
A
1
A
10
B
10
A
1.5
Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits) Possible CDMA Center Freq. Assignments
All CDMA RF carriers are 1.25 MHz. wide can serve ~22 users w/8 kb vocoder (~17 users w/13 kb vocoder) The cellular spectrum of one operator is 12.5 MHz. wide. Youd expect that 10 CDMA carriers would fit. However, only 9 carriers can be used operators must maintain a token AMPS presence for several years guard bands are required at the edges of frequency blocks or any frequency boundaries between CDMA/non-CDMA signals no guard bands are required between adjacent CDMA carriers
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 37
717 716
799
B
2.5
other uses
991
334 333
667 666
717 716
799
A
1
A
10
B
10
A
1.5
B
2.5
894 MHz
849 MHz
869 MHz
~300 kHz. guard bands possibly required if adjacentfrequency signals are non-CDMA (AMPS, TDMA, ESMR, etc.)
200 200
8 kbps CDMA
150 150
100 100 50 50 0 0
13 kbps CDMA
S4 TDMA S1
8 10 9 10 21 32 43 54 65 76 87 9 Number of CDMA Carriers AMPS
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 38
Power
260 KHz
260 KHz
GUARD BAND
CDMA CARRIER
GUARD BAND
Frequency
Each CDMA Channel: 1.250 MHz 50 kHz = 25 channels Each Guard Band: TOTAL: 260 kHz 50 kHz = 5.2 = ~5 channels
Just as with the CDMA on AMPS overlay, a GUARD ZONE is also needed
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 39
Paired Bands
Licensed 1199
800
B T A
900 BTA
400 MTA
700 699 B T A
800 B T A
900 BTA
A
15
1850 MHz
D
5
B
15
E F
5 5
C
15
1910 MHz
A
10 10
1930 MHz
D
5
B
15
E F
5 5
C
15
1990 MHz
15
A, B, and C licenses can accommodate 11 CDMA RF channels in their 30 MHz of spectrum D, E, and F licenses can accommodate 3 CDMA RF channels in their 10 MHz of spectrum 260 kHz guard bands are required on the edges of the PCS spectrum to ensure no interference occurs with other applications just outside the spectrum
Fundamentals of CDMA - Luis Font CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 40
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 41
GPS
GPSR
BSC-BSM
BTS
GPS
GPSR
BSM DMS-BUS LPP ENET LPP TFU1 CDSU CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2
CDSU CDSU
CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC
TFU
CDSU
CDSU CDSU
Sa Sb Sc
DTCs
CDSU
SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 42
GPS
GPSR
BSC-BSM
BTS
GPS
GPSR
BSM DMS-BUS LPP ENET LPP TFU1 CDSU CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2
CDSU CDSU
CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC
TFU
Packets
CDSU CDSU CDSU
CDSU
Sa Sb Sc
DS0 in T1
DTCs
Chips
Channel Element RF
SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors
Vocoder
PSTN
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 43
MTX
SLM CM
Ch.T1
DTCs IOC
Primary functions Call Processing Mobility Management HLR-VLR access Intersystem call delivery (IS-41C) CDMA Inter-MTX handover (IS-41C) BSC Unch. T1 Billing Data Capture CDMA Calling Features & Services SBS Collecting System OMs, Pegs High reliability, redundancy
MAP, VDUs
CCS7
Ch T1 Billing
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 44
GPS
GPSR
TFU1
BSM
CDSU CDSU
MTX LPP
CDSU
DISCO 1
CDSU
CDSU CDSU CDSU
CDSU
DISCO 2
SBS
Vocoders Selectors
BTS
GPS
GPSR CDSU DISCO TFU
BSC
Ch. Card ACC
Sa Sb Sc
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 46
BSM
Ethernet LAN
X-Windows terminals
BSM Workstation
BCN Links
GPS
GPSR CDSU TFU1 CDSU CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2 CDSU CDSU CDSU CDSU CDSU
Ch. Card ACC
BSC
BTS
CDSU DISCO TFU
GPS
GPSR
Primary functions: OA&M for CDMA components Configuration management BSC, BTS configuration and parameters Fault management Alarm Reporting Performance management interface for CDMA statistics and peg counts collection Security management Unix-based
Sa Sb Sc
SBS
Vocoders Selectors
CDMA Technical Market Support, CALA & EMEA - Nov. 9, 1998 - Page 47