Drilling Engineering Fall 2011

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Drilling Engineering

PE 311
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
When attempting to quantify the pressure losses in side the drillstring and in the annulus it is
worth considering the following matrix:

Frictional Pressure Drop in Pipes and Annuli
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Assumptions:
1.The drillstring is placed concentrically in the casing or open hole
2.The drillstring is not being rotated
3.Sections of open hole are circular in shape and of known diameter
4.Incompressible drilling fluid
5.Isothermal flow
Momentum equation:


Momentum Equation
T V + + V = =

g P F
dt
V d

Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Force Analysis
dL
dp
r
dr
r d
=
) ( t
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Force Analysis
) 2 ( ] 2 [ ) ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 1
L r L r r r r p r r p
r r r
A A A + = A A
A +
t t t t t t
dL
dp
r
dr
r d
=
) ( t
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Force Analysis
dL
dp
r
dr
r d
=
) ( t
} }
= dr
dL
dp
r r d ) ( t
r
C
dL
dp r
1
2
+ = t
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen


B.C. r = 0 --> t = 0: then C
1
= 0

For Newtonian fluids t = = du/dr


B.C. r = R --> u = 0: then

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids
r
C
dL
dp
r
f
1
2
+ = t
dL
dp r
2
= t
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Therefore, the velocity profile of Newtonian fluids flow in pipe under laminar flow conditions is a
parabolic
Maximum velocity occurs at the center of the pipe

From equation:
Combining with the definition of Fanning friction factor:
Pressure drop can be calculated by using Fanning friction factor:
This equation can be used to calculate pressure under laminar or turbulent conditions
Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids
dL
dp r
2
= t
2
2
1
u
f
w

t
=
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Maximum velocity:
Average fluid velocity in pipe u = u
max
/ 2, and hence average velocity can be calculated as:

From this equation, the pressure drop can be expressed as:
Combining this equation and equation gives
where
This equation is used to calculate the Fanning friction factor when the flow is laminar. If Re <
2,100 then the flow is under laminar conditions

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Combining these two equations and
The relationship between shear stress and shear rate can be express as

Where is called the nominal Newtonian shear rate. For Newtonian fluid, we can used
this equation to calculate the shear rate of fluid as a function of velocity.


Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids
dL
dp r
2
= t
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
From the general equation for fluid flow:
For Newtonian fluids:



Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
r
C
dL
dp r
1
2
+ = t
r
C
dL
dp r
dr
dv
1
2
+ = = = t
} }
+ =
+ =
+ =
r d
r
C
dL
dp r
dv
r d
r
C
dL
dp r
dv
r
C
dL
dp r
dr
dv
)
2
(
)
2
(
2
1
1
1

2
1
2
ln
4
C r
C
dL
dp
r
v
f
+ =

Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

We need two boundary conditions to find C
1
and C
2

B.C. 1: r = r
1
--> u = 0
B.C. 2: r = r
2
--> u = 0



Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
2
1
2
ln
4
C r
C
dL
dp
r
v
f
+ =

( ) ( )
(
(
(

=
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
ln
ln
4
1
r
r
r
r
r r r r
dL
dp
u
f

r
1

r
2

Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Flow rate can be calculated as:



Average velocity can be expressed as

Pressure drop:
Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
}
= dr r v Q ) 2 ( t
( ) ( )
} }
(
(
(

= = rdr
r
r
r
r
r r r r
dL
dp
dr r v Q
f
t

t 2
ln
ln
4
1
) 2 (
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
( )
(
(
(

=
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 4
1
4
2
ln
8
r
r
r r
r r
dL
dp
Q
f

t
( )u r r Q
2
1
2
2
= t
(
(
(

+
=
(
(
(

+
=
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
ln
500 , 1
ln
8
d
d
d d
d d
u
r
r
r r
r r
u
dL
dp
f

SI Unit Field Unit
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Field unit:




Note: equivalent diameter for an annular section: d
e
= 0.816 (d
2
d
1
)
Summary - Newtonian Fluids
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Example: A 9-lbm/gal Newtonian fluid having a viscosity of 15 cp is being circulated in a 10,000-ft
well containing a 7-in. ID casing and a 5-in OD drillsring at a rate of 80 gal/min. compute the static
and circulating bottomhole pressure by assuming that a laminar flow pattern exists.
Solution:
Static pressure: P = 0.052 D = 0.052 x 9 x 10,000 = 4,680 psig

Average velocity:

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Frictional pressure loss gradient



Or:

Circulating bottom hole pressure:
P = 4,680 + 0.0051 x 10,000 = 4,731 Psig
Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
f t psig
d
d
d d
d d
u
dL
dp
f
/ 0051 . 0
5
7
ln
5 7
5 7 500 , 1
) 362 . 1 ( 15
ln
500 , 1
2 2
2 2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
=
(
(

+
=
(
(
(

+
=

Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Since the exact solution is so complicated, a narrow
rectangular slot approximation is used to arrive at
solutions still very useful for practical drilling
engineering applications. We represent the annulus
as a slot which has the same area and the same
height with the annulus. This approximation is good if
D
1
/ D
2
> 0.3
An annular geometry can be represented by a
rectangular slot with the height h and width w as
given below




Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
Narrow Slot Approximation
( )
) r r W
) r (r h
r r Wh
1 2
1 2
2
1
2
2
( slot of h Widt
slot of Height
slot equivalent of Area
+ = = >
= =
= =
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
Narrow Slot Approximation




P
1
WAy - P
2
WAy + t
y
WAL - t
y+Ay
W AL = 0
1
C y
dL
dp
+ = t
P
1
P
2
t
y
t
y + Ay
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
Narrow Slot Approximation
For Newtonian fluids:


Boundary conditions: y = 0 --> u = 0 and y = h --> v = 0


1
C y
dL
dp
dy
dv
+ = = = t
2
1
2
2
1
C
y C
y
dL
dp
v + =

=
=
dL
dp h
C
C
2
0
1
2
( ) hy y
dL
dp
y
dL
dp h
y
dL
dp
v = =
2 2
2
1
2 2
1

Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
Narrow Slot Approximation
Flow rate:



( )
dL
dp Wh
Wdy hy y
dL
dp
vWdy vdA q
h h h
12 2
1
3
0
2
0 0
= = = =
} } }
1 2
2
1
2
2
r r h and ) r (r Wh = =
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
12
) r )(r r (r
dL
dp

q
f
=
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
Narrow Slot Approximation
Average velocity:


Frictional pressure losses gradient


Field unit
( )v r r v A q
2
1
2
2
= = t
( ) ( ) dL
dp
) r (r
r r
) r )(r r (r
dL
dp

r r
q
A
q
v
f
f
t t 12
12
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2

= =
2
1 2
12
) r (r
v
dL
dp

_
f

=
2
1 2
1000 ) d (d
v
dL
dp
_
f

=
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
Narrow Slot Approximation
Determination of shear rate:


Field unit:
( )
2
1 2
1 2
12
2 2 ) r (r
v
r r
dL
dp h
_
w

= = t
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
12 6
d d
v
r r
v
w
w

= =

( )
1 2
144
d d
v
w
w

= =

Drilling Engineering Fall 2011

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
Narrow Slot Approximation
Field Unit:



( )
1 2
12
d d
v
w

=
D
v
w
8
=
2
1 2
12
) r (r
v
dL
dp

_
f

=
2
8
R
v
dL
dp

_
f
=
Drilling Engineering Fall 2011
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
Narrow Slot Approximation
Example: A 9-lbm/gal Newtonian fluid having a viscosity of 15 cp is being circulated in a
10,000-ft well containing a 7-in. ID casing and a 5-in OD drillsring at a rate of 80 gal/min.
compute the frictional pressure loss and the shear rate at the wall for the annulus by using
narrow slot approximation method. Assume that the flow is laminar.
Solution: checking d1 / d2 = 7 / 5 = 0.714 > 0.3. Narrow slot approximation is applicable


Pressure loss: AP = 10,000 x dp/dl = 51 psig
Shear rate at the wall:

ft psig
) ( ) d (d
v
dL
dp
_
f
/ 0051 . 0
5 7 1000
) 15 ( 362 . 1
1000
2 2
1 2
=

=
( ) ( )
s
d d
v
w
/ 1 98
5 7
) 362 . 1 ( 144 144
1 2
=