PREPARED BY:- MANISHSINGH R.

TOMAR SHIVANI PATEL TANVI MISTRI SANI MARU SNEHAL PATEL HIREN GAJJAR

HISTORY OF GERMANY DEMOGRAPHIC FACTOR ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS

The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered. The victory of the Germanic tribes in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9) prevented annexation by the Roman Empire

Following the fall of the Roman Empire, the Franks conquered the other West Germanic tribes. When the Frankish Empire was divided among Charlemagne's heirs in 1843, the eastern part became East Francia. In 1962, Otto I became the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the medieval German state. In the High Middle Ages, the dukes and princes of the empire gained power at the expense of the emperors. Martin Luther led the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church after 1517, as the northern states became Protestant, while the southern states remained Catholic.

The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years' War (16181648), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians. 1648 marked the effective end of the Holy Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern nationstate system, with Germany divided into numerous independent states, such as Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony. After the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars (18031815), feudalism fell away and liberalism and nationalism clashed with reaction. The 1848 March Revolution failed

Population Age structure Geography Income Distribution Sex ratio Ethnic groups Education Literacy Health Religion Languages

Population
82,329,758 (July 2010 est.) Germany's population pyramid in 2005

Age structure
014 years: 13.9% (male 5,894,724/female 5,590,373) 1564 years: 66.3% (male 27,811,357/female 26,790,222) 65 years and over: 19.8% (male 6,771,972/female 9,542,348) (2007 est.) 014 years 13.7% (male 5,768,366/female 5,470,516) 1564 years: 66.1% (male 27,707,761/female 26,676,759) 65 years and over: 20.3% (male 7,004,805/female 9,701,551) (2010 est.)

Geography With an estimated more than 81.8 million inhabitants in late 2011, Germany is the most populous country in the European Union and ranks as the 16th largest country in the world in terms of population. Its population density stands at 229.4 inhabitants per square kilometer. States Germany comprises sixteen states that are collectively referred to as Lnder.[16] Due to differences in size and population the subdivision of these states varies, especially between city states (Stadtstaaten) and states with larger territories (Flchenlnder). For regional administrative purposes five states, namely BadenWrttemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, consist of a total of 22 Government Districts (Regierungsbezirke). As of 2009 Germany is divided into 403 districts (Kreise) on municipal level, these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts.[17]

Income Distribution
we have employed an integrated ITR-SOEP data base that allows one to jointly analyze the upper and the lower tail of the income distribution in the period 19922003. In particular, all taxpayers that belong to the top percentile of the income distribution are included in our integrated data base, so that sampling errors are completely avoided for that group. Exploiting this feature, we have, for the first time, provided a detailed analysis of the top 0.001 percent fractile of the income distribution, the economic elite of Germany. Furthermore, on the basis of this integrated data base we were also able to analyze the distribution of gross incomes including government transfers and accounting for within-family redistribution

Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 1564 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Ethnic groups
Germany is host to the third-highest number of international migrants worldwide, around 20% of Germany's population do not hold a German passport or are descendents of immigrants.

Total population = 81.8 million German citizens = 73.62 million (90% of total population) German citizens of no migrant background: 65.44 million (80% of total population) German citizens of immigrant background (including people of partial immigrant background): 8.18 million (10%) "Foreigners" (persons without German citizenship): (8%)

Education
Responsibility for educational oversight in Germany lies primarily with the individual federated states. Since the 1960s, a reform movement attempted to unify secondary education in a Gesamtschule (comprehensive school); several West German states later simplified their school system to two or three tiers. A system of apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung ("dual education") allows pupils in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run vocational school.

Literacy
Over 99% of those of age 15 and above are estimated to be able to read and write. However, a growing number of inhabitants are functionally illiterate

However, a growing number of inhabitants are functionally illiterate. The young are much more likely to be functionally illiterate than the old. According to a study done by the University of Bremen in coorporation with the "Bundesverband Alphabetisierung e.V.", 10% of youngsters living in Germany are functionally illiterate and one quarter are able to understand only basic level texts. Illiteracy rates of youngsters vary by ethnic group and parents' socioeconomic class.

Health
As of 2009 , the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 42%, followed by malignant tumours, at 25%. As of 2008 , about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).

According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers. A 2009 study shows Germany is near the median in terms of overweight and obese people in Europe.

Religion
No Religion 34.1% Roman Catholicism 30.0% Protestantism 29.9% Islam 4.0% Orthodox Christianity 1.6% Judaism 0.2% Buddhism 0.2% Languages German is the only official and most widely spoken language. Standard German is understood throughout the country.

For those planning to open a business or start business relations in Germany, one key factor could be the environment. German ecology could affect a number of different businesses "from clothing retail, determining what people will buy and when, to real estate and land development. Therefore, when approaching a business venture in Germany, it is advisable to have at least a basic understanding of the climate, wildlife, and environment in the area, as well as the government policies associated with the protection of the environment Knowledge of matters relating to German ecology could spell the difference between success and failure for an individual or small business seeking to expand its operations in Germany.

Much like North America, Germany is located in a temperate climate zone. However, Germany experiences moderate seasons that are dominated by humid westerly winds. The climate is further tempered by warm water, carried into the North Sea by the North Atlantic Drift, which is the northernmost part of the Gulf Stream. Germany experiences rainfall during all seasons, but the most rain tends to fall during the summers Further from the ocean, the climate tends to become less moderate; winters are colder, summers are warmer, and there is usually less rainfall

Mostly, in both cases, the temperature does not climb any higher than thirty degrees Celsius, or eighty-six degrees Fahrenheit. This relatively sdiv weather system is a reliable part of German ecology Much of Germanys expansive geography is covered in arable land, amounting to a third of the nations acreage. Of the remaining two thirds, nearly the same amount again is covered by forests or woodlands, and pastures, and cities make up the rest. German ecology also features a number of flora and fauna that are indigenous to central Europe, such as beech oak, pine, and fir trees that are all present in large numbers.

Animals commonly found in the region include fish, boars, foxes, badgers, and a few beavers. Also, birds migrate across Germany during their flight seasons, in the spring and autumn Another thing that business owners should take note of is the fact that many Germans are environmentally conscious, and support current efforts to go green. A recent poll showed that many Germans believe that human beings are responsible for global warming. Germans follow the Kyoto Protocol, a United Nations treaty that is designed to regulate environmental policy among its signatory nations.

The actions endorsed by the Kyoto Protocol include promoting biodiversity, setting strict emissions standards, recycling, and finding new sources of renewable energy. Although German emissions are still among the highest in the European Union, the German government is taking steps to correct this. The German government has recently started initiatives to reduce pollution, regulate emissions, and use nuclear power instead of coal. These steps show how important German ecology is to the German people, as well as their level of commitment in preserving their environment for future generations.