BOX JACKING

Box shaped tunnel sections prefabricated and

pushed hydraulic jack tunnels length 20m to 50m Avoid settlement excavation cutting edge Cutting moved forward small increments avoid heaving road or rail track

Pipe jacking

Diameters- greater than 2m men and machines work

excavate soil and lining Diameter less than 2m difficult lining or excavation tunnel shield Drilling systems excavate soil and push tunnel lining segments from shaft or pit Pipe jacking man excavate soil pick and shovel pipes pushed hydraulic jack

References
Geotechnical Engineering
By Sahashi K. Gulhati, Sahashi K Gulhati Manoj Datt

DIAPHRAGM WALL

DIAPHRAGM WALL
Constructed trench excavation supported bentonite

slurry Situations used

Obstructions prevent sheet pile Ground water unfavourable for other supports Control noise and vibration Ground heave disturbance existing foundation - avoided

Properties of bentonite Exerts hydrostatic pressure Membrane low permeability Clean displacement of concrete- no distubance to bond Suspends sludgy layers base of trench

Setup of bentonite slurry

Steps construction diaphragm wall

Trench excavation bentonite slurry support side

walls Rock chiselling done Depth checked weight and rope Width plumb line and echo sensors Purity bentonite checked contaminated removed submersible pump Completion of excavation pump tremie concrete Diaphragm walls constructed in panels

Diaphragm walls using bentonite slurry

Trench excavation - clamshell

Construction sequence

Circular stop ends

Stop end joint

Construction of Diaphragm wall

Shapes of panels

References
1. Construction technology for tall buildings By M. Y. L. Chew, Michael Chew Yit Lin (P) 2. http://www.deepexcavation.com/en/diaphragmwalls-slurry-walls 3.http://www.dublinporttunnel.ie/about/building/pdf/c ut_and_cover_sections.pdf 4. http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/earthretaining-systems-for-deep-excavations/724/

Basement construction

Categories of approach to basement construction

Open excavation
Excavation with temporary support Excavation with permanent retaining walls formed

prior to main construction

Types
Shallow basements
Deep basements

Shallow basements

Construction of shallow basements by open excavation

Deep basements

Temporary support to excavation

Sectional precast concrete

Permanent embedded retaining walls to deep basements

Contiguous piles
Secant piles Diaphragm wall

Contiguous piles

Secant piles
Same as secant piles interlocking of piles
Better water proofing smaller size piles act

collectively rather than individual units stronger than contiguous piles

Diaphragm walls
Separating unit inner

basement and outer surrounding ground Trench walls bentonite or sheet piles Masonry diaphragm wall

Construction process

Bottom up construction

Top down construction

Water proofing in basements

Tanking
Integral drains

Water proof concrete

Drained cavities

References
http://www.scribd.com/doc/56776226/25/Methods-

of-basement-construction(P)