CHAPTER 22

MICROBIOLOGY

DEFINITIONS
Pathogen Opportunist Spores

CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Fungi Worms Arthropods

BACTERIA
Simple Single-celled Most are not harmful to humans Some cause human bacterial diseases:
Examples:

VIRUSES
Smaller, simpler structure All parasites All cause disease Common human viral diseases:
Examples:

PROTOZOA
Single-celled Natural habitats
Fresh water Salt water

Human protozoan parasites

Malaria Amebic desentery Pneumocystis pneumonia

FUNGI
Unicellular/multicellular Decomposes organic matter in the soil and fresh water and help recycle nutrients Fungal disease
Ringworm (skin) Yeast infection Meningitis

WORMS
Multicellular Non-pathogenic Infestation
Trichinosis Hookworm Tapeworm

ANTHROPODS
Multicelluar Vectors of disease Infestations
Mites Ticks Scabies

NOMENCLATURE
2 names
Genus
1st Capitalized Often abbreviated with 1st letter

Species

Example: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).

NORMAL FLORA
Resident flora
Transient flora May become pathogenic if:

Functions:
1. 2.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Caused by: Microorganisms; OR Toxins of microorganisms Reproduction of microorganism happens in the host Factors Virulence of _______ Resistance of _______

DEFINITIONS
Clinical infections Symptoms Subclinical Reservoirs Incubation period Prodromal period Invasion period Acme Self limiting

TYPES OF INFECTION
Localized Systemic Bacteremia Septicemia Acute Chronic Secondary infection Nosocomial infections Endogenous infections

EPIDEMIOLOGY
Definition: Epidemic Endemic

Pandemic

PORTALS OF ENTRY & EXIT

Portal of entry: Portal of exit: Spread of disease:

RESERVOIRS OF INFECTIONS
Carrier: Zoonoses:
Examples: Rocky Mtn spotted fever, lyme disease, rabies, plague

SPREAD OF INFECTION
NON COMMUNICABLE Resident species causes disease under certain condition; OR Non- resident species causes disease when it enters the body Cannot spread directly or indirectly from host to host Example: cystitis, tetanus, botulism

SPREAD OF INFECTION
COMMUNICABLE Some may be called Contagious Easily spread by casual contact Direct spread of pathogens Cutaneous contact Respiratory droplets Contaminated blood Indirect spread of pathogens Contaminated food & water: Vectors Fomites: inanimate objects

METHODS OF CONTROL OF MICROBES

Disinfection Antiseptics Disinfectant
Bactericides Bacteriostatic

Sterilization Ionizing radiation

PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES

FOOD
Pasteurization
Inspections

WATER
Diverting human sewage away from water supply
Chlorinating water

EMERGING DISEASES & BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

Increasing awareness
Lyme disease, Ebola, West Nile, SARS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p19Wsi 47JFQ

Biological weapons
Anthrax Smallpox: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iXfZ1e YdtA

THE PATHOGENS

BACTERIA
SHAPES
COCCUS (round)
BACILLUS (rod) STREPTO (chains) SPIRILLUM (coils) DIPLO (pairs)

ARRANGEMENT
STAPHYLO (clusters)

DEFINITIONS
Binary fission
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOyUcjqcGpQ

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic

Facultatively anaerobic

Gram stain: + or
How cell wall responds to stains

Culture & sensitivity Resistance

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
CAPSULE SPORES TOXINS
Neurotoxins Endotoxins

ANTIBIOTICS
Broad spectrum Narrow spectrum Action of antibiotics

Possible side effects

VIRUSES
Not cells
DNA or RNA surrounded by protein shell

Host specific
Obligatory intracellular parasites

Viruses
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0 emEGShQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFl3F RNpU4E&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbYw NOcKqqc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1mJ YaPQDtM&feature=related

ANTIVIRAL MEDICATIONS
AZT Acyclovir Ribavirin Medication must be able to enter infected cells to be effective Viruses uses the cells DNA to replicate.

FUNGI
Fungi may be unicellular, like yeasts, or multicellular, like the molds. In small numbers, yeasts are part of the resident flora of the skin and mucous membranes. Molds reproduce by forming spores.

DEFINITIONS
SAPROPHYTES MYCOSES- may be superficial (skin & mucous membranes) or systemic (gained access to the interior of the body) CANDIDA ALBICANS

ANTIFUNGAL MEDS
Amphotericin b Ketoconazole Fluconazole

Griseofulvin

PROTOZOA
Entamoeba and Giardia are spread by the fecaloral route in contaminated food or water. Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness. Plasmodium causes malaria. Toxoplasma may cause abnormalities in a developing fetus. Pneumocystis causes pneumonia in AIDS patients.

Protozoa
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLI2 WeUGWlc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqjM YEfViKA&feature=related

MEDICATIONS

Metronidazole

Pentamidine

WORMS
Flukes or tapeworms are usually acquired by eating poorly cooked fish or meat that contains cysts. Hookworms live in the small intestine, feed on blood, and may cause a severe anemia. Pinworm infestation of the colon is probably the most common worm infestation in North America. Trichinella is acquired by eating poorly cooked pork or wild game that contains cysts.

Worms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zrn7j TqKBFs

ARTHROPODS
Lice are vectors of epidemic typhus. Fleas are vectors of plague. Mosquitoes are vectors of malaria, yellow fever & encephalitis. The scabies mite causes intense itching when it burrows into the skin. Wood ticks are vectors of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Deer ticks are vectors of Lyme disease.

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7OZ USfTh6M&feature=related

THE END OF A&P! Just for fun.

Nerve impulses can travel up to 426 feet per second 450,000 people die in the US r/t smoking related diseases: like a jumbo jet crashing each day with no survivors One kidney filters 180 quarts of fluid each day Your heart beats over 36 million times per year You have 110,000-150,000 hairs on your head

 You have over 16,000 miles of capillaries Each strand of hair can support 100 g of weight, so, you could support the weight of 2 elephants on your head You have about a quarter of a million sweat glands on your feet Your eyes can see approximately 7 million shades of color Due to its sterile nature, urine could be used to clean a wound when no antiseptic is available