Anthropometry

By : Aamir Rauf Memon 2nd Year DPT Student

What is Anthropometry?
Greek

Anthro- : man -pometry: measurements Literal meaning: measurement of humans

The study of measurements or proportions of the human body according to sex, age, etc. for identification purposes

Dimensions of bones, muscles, and adipose (fat) tissues

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Definition of Anthropometry
Anthrop(s) = human Metricos = of or pertaining to measurement Basic Definition The science of measurement of body size [NASA, 1978]. Detailed Definition The application of scientific methods to human subjects for the development of design standards & specific requirements and for the evaluation of engineering drawings, mock-ups & manufactured products for the purposes of assuring the suitability of these products for the intended user population. [Roebuck, Kroemer & Thompson, 1975].
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Definition of Anthropometry
Anthropometry is a science that deals with the measurement of size, weight, and proportions of the human body. It is empirical (experimentally derived) in nature and has developed quantitative methods to measure various physical dimensions. (Chaffin, 1984)
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Historical Perspective
13th century Marco Polo noticed different body sizes and shapes of new races

Physical Anthropology traced to him

Leonardo da Vinci (The Vitruvian Man, 1485) Standards start to show in 1906 (Monaco) and 1912 (Geneva) Anthropology branch of US Air Force had dramatic impact
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History of Anthropometry
1883- Alphonse Bertillon: system of identification depending on the unchanging character of certain measurements of parts of the human body 1884: 241 multiple offenders were identified Bertillonage- first adapted by the French police 1887: introduced in the United States by Major McClaughry, the translator of Bertillon's book, when he was the warden of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet.
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History of Anthropometry
1888: Francis Galton starts research on Finger Prints to further anthropometry 1892: Francis Galton publishes Finger Prints 1894: England adopted the system. 1903: Will West & William West

Galtons Discovery because of Anthropometry?

My attention was first drawn to the ridges in 1888 when preparing a lecture on Personal Identification for the Royal Institution, which had for its principal object an account of the anthropometric method of Bertillon, then newly introduced into the prison administration of France. Wishing to treat the subject generally, and having a vague knowledge of the value sometimes assigned to finger marks, I made inquiries, and was surprised to find, both how much had been done, and how much there remained to do, before establishing their theoretical value and practical utility. Enough was then seen to show that the subject was of real importance, and I resolved to investigate it; all the more so, as the modern processes of photographic printing would enable the evidence of such results as might be arrived at, to be presented to the reader on an enlarged and easily legible form, and in a trustworthy shape. Those that are put forward in the following pages, admit of considerable extension and improvement, and it is only the fact that an account of them seems useful, which causes me to delay no further before submitting what has thus far been attained, to the criticism of others. 8

Applications of Anthropometry
Identification of repeated criminals

Cesare Lombroso's Criminal Anthropology (1895): murderers have prominent jaws and pickpockets have long hands and scanty beards. Eugene Vidocq: identification of criminals by facial characteristics

Prevention of impersonation Differentiation between the races

Eugenics in Europe
Aryans from Jews: The Bureau for Enlightenment on Population Policy and Racial Welfare recommended the classification of Aryans and nonAryans on the basis of measurements of the skull and other physical features, craniometric certification, required by law. The consequences for not meeting requirements included denial of permission to marry or work, and for many it meant the death camps Intelligence tests became associated with Anthropometry
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Anthropometry
Technique of measuring people Measure

Index
Indicator

Reference

Information
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Body Identification using Anthropometry

Bertillon used 5 basic measurements:

head length head breadth length of middle finger Length of left foot length from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger

Today that list is more extensive:

Gender Height Weight Age Bicep circumference, buttock depth, chest breadth, elbow circumference, eye height, forearm to hand, ear breadth, head circumference, head length, hip breadth sitting, hip breadth standing, sitting height, waist depth, wrist breadth, wrist circumference to name a fewthere are currently 107 measurements

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Measurements
Weight Height Length and stature or height Mid Upper Arm Circumference MUAC Characteristics we need:
easy cheap acceptable reproducible
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Measurements
Reference planes Taken between solid identifiable bony landmarks in standard anatomical positions

Anthropometric measuring kits 3-D body scanning (esp. for functional anthropometry) Motion capture systems
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Develop regression models with statistical relationships

Measurement Techniques
1-Classical or Linear Measurement Deals with simple dimensions of the stationary human being (weight, stature & lengths, breadths, depths & circumferences of particular body structures). Measurements of height, breadth, depth, distance curvature, circumference and reach Grid, anthropometer, calipers, measuring tape, scale Simple but time consuming
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Measurement Techniques
2. New Photographs (2D) Computer Modelingstick person

Co-ordinate Locations

MRI (3D)

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What is the concept of percentile?

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Design Principles
Extreme Adjustable Average

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WEIGHT
Sensitive to changes Changes in two directions up and down Fast change Usually easy to collect Standardisation of scales needed, calibration Small changes are difficult to measure: food intake of the child, urine, dehydration, temp, etc: not very specific community aversion: connotations can be difficult: co-operation of children to nearest 100 gr.
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Height
Difficult to measure, accuracy, large variations Differences are small: 24 cm increment in the first year of life, 11 cm second year, 8 third Low sensitivity Large measurement errors Stunted versus stunting

stunted is a heterogeneous group stunting is the active process: determinants are acting

Measure to the nearest mm Below 2 recumbent, above standing

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Anthropometric Measuring Tools

Anthropometer Tape

Medical scale Sliding Calipers: large and small

Spreading Caliper

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Anthropometric Measuring Techniques

Weight Stature Posture:

Standing Frankfort Sitting

Arm Span Head Length Head Breadth Ear-to-Head Height Nasal Length Nasal Breadth Skeletal Index = Sitting Height x 100/Stature Cephalic Index = Head Breadth x 100/Head Length Nasal Index = Nasal Breadth x 100/Nasal Length Span/Stature Index = Arm Span x 100/ Stature Cranial Capacity

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Anthropometric Measuring Techniques

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Basic Chart of What is Measured

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Basic Areas of Where to Measure

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Reference Planes

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Anatomical Landmarks

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Measurement Postures

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Anthropometry Today
Biometrics Nutrition and wellness

Weight Training

Ergonomics

dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones. Everyday life
Changes in humans overtime Cranial Anthropometry

Evolutionary Significance

Monitor growth in children

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Functional(Dynamic) Anthropometry
Deals with compound measurements of the moving human being. Work space Envelope: Is the three dimensional apace within which an individual works, especially with his hands.
Squat Height
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Crawling length

Functional(Dynamic) Anthropometry

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Biometrics in Use

Heathrow Airport- Iris BenGurion Airport: Hand Geometry FacePass: Face Verification

Grocery Store Payment: Fingerprint INSPASS: Hand Geometry

US- Visit Program

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Cranial Anthropometry
Also known as Craniometry measurement of the skull and face 3 ways to categorize the skull

dolichocephalic: long and thin brachycephalic: short and broad mesocephalic: intermediate length and breadth

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3- D Anthropometry
3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how they can be used for the measurement of entire populations Programs: Cyberware DigiSize CySlice Ear Impression 3-D Scanner SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data into measurement extraction software. CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and 65 Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.

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Use of Anthropometry
Individual Level

SCREENING: ONE TIME ASSESSMENT

to immediately decrease case fatality (emergency situations)

in non-emergency situations

GROWTH MONITORING: TREND ASSESSMENT ONE TIME ASSESSMENT under circumstances of food crisis for long-term planning NUTRITIONAL SURVEILLANCE: TREND ASSESSMENT for long-term planning for timely warning for programme management

Population Level

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Sources of Anthropometric Variability

1. Interindividual Variation Resulting for DNA (Genotype/Phenotype) Environment

Altitude, temperature, sunlight, soil type

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Nutrition Ethnicity/Race Intraindividual Variation Aging

Growing years increase in stature, weight, and other dimensions Early adulthood dimensions remain somewhat stable Later years decrease in height, increase in circumference and external diameters of bones

Daily stature variation Age, health, strength

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The Story of Lacy and Andrew

Does one size fit all?
Lacy is 4 10 (147 cm) Andrew is 6 10 (208 cm)

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Love conquers all even anthropometry!

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Questions?
This concludes the study of Anthropometry. Thank you for your time!

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