cultural as the sum total of the beliefs,rules,techniqes,institution and artifacts that characterised human populations.

: culture is not inherited or biolgically based ,it is acqired by learning and experience. people as members of group ,organisation,or society share culture;it is not specific individiuals :culture is passed on from one generation to the next.

:culture is based on the human capacity to symbolize or use one thing to represent another : culture is based on human capacity to change or adopt ,as opposed to the more genetically driven adaptive process of animals.

National culture

Business culture Organisational culture Occupational culture

: national culture is dominant culture within the political boundries of a country.formal education is usually taught and business generally conducted in the language of the dominant culture. : business culture guides everyday business transaction. What to wear to a meeting ,when and how to use business cards , whether to shake hands or embrace etc...
:organisational culture refers to the philosophies ,ideologies ,values ,assumpption ,belifs ,expectation ,attitudes, and knit an organisation together and are shared by its employees. : different occuptional groups such as physicians,professor,lawyers,accountants,have distinct cultures called occupational cultures.

 Marketing In japan,procter : &Gamble (P&G) used an

advertisment for the first time compared her skin to that of a fine porcelain doll.Although the ad had worked well in SOUTH AMERICA AND EUROPE ,it insulted the japanese .for a japanese man to say something like that to a japanese woman means hes either unsophisticated or rude ,said an advertising man who worked on account

Human resource management

Developing a global mindset in the organization

International taxation
International relocation and orientation

Production
Case study An american production managers send to peru was convinced that he could motivate the worker to higher productivity by instituting a more democratic decision making style but company did not like style. Because the in peru worker belif that manager are the master of company ,he should take the decision.rather than participting worker in decision making . So,the worker were resigned by thinking that the company will be fails.

Elements of Culture
Language Religion Aesthetics Values and Attitudes

Manners/Customs

material elements

social institutios Education

 It sets ideals of life and thereby the values and attitude of individuals living in a society. example,

Islam:
Income in form of interest is also prohibited in islam , which restricts spread of banking in muslim countries.

Bhuddhism: bhuddhism belives in spiritual

achievement and this has a damping effect on enterpreneurship and profit making.

 Education has a close relationship with the availability of skilled manpower. Higher education Marketers are interested in the literacy rate because it helps them decide what type of media to enjoy and what level they should advertisements ,lables,and owners manuals For example; A country such as pakistan where more than 70 % of the population is illiterate is unlikely to be a good markets for popular books. Promotional material containing written description of mass-marketed products is unlikely to have an effect in a country .so it is better to use pictotial promotions of products.

 Values are the belief and norms prevalent in society. In some socities ,where income and wealth are emphasized upon, people work for more hours in order to earn more . While ,in some socities where leisure is preferred ,people work for only limited hours.

 Customs and manners vary from one society to another . In united states ,silence is taken as negation,while it is not so in japan . Thus ,it is imperative for the international managers to be aware of varying manners and customs.

 Aesthetics is concerned with the sense of beauty ,good taste,and with the particular symbolism of colours. Colour symbolism is very important in international business . Green is the popular in islamic countries . Thus, while desingning the advertisment programme or while packaging products ,an international managers must take into account these facts . So that there products do not fails and there views dont hurt the people.

Social institution
Social institutions form an integral part of culture . They are concered mainly the size of the family . Example : In japan one children is allowed to born then their parents are intersted to buy luxzarious goods.rather than in muslium countries there is generally more than two chid born . There for international managers has to analyse the no of product consumer or what type of product should be lunched.

Material element
This aspect of material culture cannot be ignored . It is related to the economic ,financial ,and social infrastructure and to objects and things enjoyed by the people. example;: Germans like bear, while the french like wine .so marketing of wine in germany will be bad proposal. Similarly , in less developed countries ,where power shortage is common , so power generating machines can easily be markted.

 It is the medium through which message is conveyed . Different languages speaks in different country,so international managers have to famaliar with common words of that country. Example : The pepsi cola slogan comes alive with pepsi was translated into german as come out of grave .

Build relationships Employ locals Embrace local culture Help employees understand you Adapt products region