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In the Beginning...
Biblical explanation for cosmology Designed by a benevolent deity Perfection and lack of change Perfect order and hierarchy from God down to the most insignificant creature or object
Then animate creatures with only physical bodies and five senses, but lacking reason (non-human mammals, fowl, fish, insects)
Then animals with fewer than five senses or inanimate bodies (oysters, barnacles, mollusks)
Then plant life, which is both inanimate and lacking in sensory organs (trees, shrubs, bushes, vegetables) Then minerals and inanimate objects
Everything had a place in the hierarchy, and all was well as long as each creature behaved according to its station.
Earth
The Moon
Planets
Astrological Influence
All Creation interconnected by Divine Love Stars and Planets corresponded to Alchemical elements, to Bodily Humors, to types of plants....to nearly everything.
Keep in mind, all of creation was bound together. Whatever affected one thing affected other things in the Chain of Being. This was called a Correspondence.
What is below is like that which is above. What is above is like what is below. Thus is the miracle of the One accomplished. --Paracelsus
Correspondences
Three interlocking parts of the Chain corresponded to each other. These were:
Macrocosm (the universe, nature, and the skies) Microcosm (the Human body as a map of the Universe)
Body Politic (the kingdom as a social institute, including its government and its citizens).
Tears (in some models, Black Bile) liquid in the body that
caused melancholy, sadness, and depression)
Mutability
Old Age
Death Erosion
God commanded us that we should not eat the fruit; and that we should not touch it, lest perhaps we die. (Gen 3:3)
Disease
Rain, Wind, and Weather Rust and Decay Entropy
Hierarchy
Primate Higher on Chain had more spiritual aspects, greater capacity for rationality (as opposed to instinct), closer in likeness to God. Correspondences on three levels:
Microcosm (the individual human body) Macrocosm (the universe and the world of nature) Body Politic (the kingdom)
God
Angelic Beings
Organized in strict hierarchy of seven choires (or nine, depending upon source). There are nine orders of angels, to wit, angels, archangels, virtues, powers, principalities, dominations, Ophanim, Cherubim, and Seraphim. --St. Gregory, Summa Theologica
The knights duty was to protect the innocent and uphold justice.
Our duty as priests is to nourish the flock spiritually as good shepherds ought with Christs grain and the water of life. Your destined task, O worthy lords, is to defend the flock by force of arms, to drive away the wolves and bears that would devour Gods children. You are to smite with iron the evil and the arrogant but uplift the humble, the widow, the orphan. --Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, c. 1140 AD
This entailed combat as a virtue; ones worth as a knight was determined by ones loyalty, by steadfastness in combat.
But this also entailed violence as a virtue--the willingness to do barbaric deeds with civilized affectation.
Even the lowest serf slaving away in a field had some dignity and authority over other creatures....
Let us make man to our image and likeness: and let him have dominion over the fishes of the sea, and the fowls of the air, and the beasts of the field, and the whole earth, and every creeping creature that moveth upon the ground. (Gen 1:26) And let the fear and dread of you be upon all the beasts of the earth, and upon all the fowls of the air, and all that moveth upon the earth, all the fishes of the sea are delivered into your hands. And every thing that moveth and liveth shall be meat to you, even as the green herbs have I delivered them all to you. (Gen. 9:2-3)
Noble Beasts
But each animal, plant, fish, and mineral had its own king, a superior example of its own species. This creature was known as the Primate.
Among Beasts, the primate was either the lion or the elephant.
Vegetable Love
My vegetable love shall grow vaster than empires.
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress.
The oak was primate among plants, with trees ranking above shrubs, which ranked above bushes, which ranked above grains, which ranked above grasses, and so on.
Mineral World
You Blocks, You Stones, You Worse Than Senseless Things!
Even rocks had rankings. Diamonds were the mineral primate, with other gems below them.
As Tillyard notes, every object in creation was thought to have unique gifts. Even the basest of objects, a stone lacking sentience, sensation, location, and reproduction, was still endowed with the trait of unusual durability and hardness.
Everything, even stones and dirt, had an important place, even if just supporting those who walked upon them.
An Example: Hawking
Consider for example the sport of hawking (hunting small animals with trained birds).
An Example: Hawking
Each rank in society had a corresponding bird to use. Emperor: Golden Eagle, Vulture, & Merlin King: Gyrfalcon (male & female) Prince: Female Peregrine Duke: Rock Falcon (subspecies of the Peregrine) Earl: Peregrine Baron: Male peregrine Knight: Saker Squire: Lanner Falcon Lady: Female Merlin Yeoman: Goshawk or Hobby Priest: Female Sparrowhawk Holywater clerk: Male Sparrowhawk Knaves, Servants, Children: Old World Kestrel
To use a bird for the wrong rank was an act not just of poor etiquette, but of subversion.
For example, keeping a falcon above one's station was considered a felony and duly regarded as an act of rebellion against an inflexible social order. The Boke of St. Albans relates that the typical punishment of cutting off the hands of people who kept birds above their social rank also served as an excellent deterrent to the crime.
After all, it is the original sin leading to Lucifers fall in medieval theology.
And thou saidst in thy heart: I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God, I will sit in the mountains of the covenant, in the sides of the North. I will ascend above the height of the clouds, I will be like the most high. (Isaiah 14:13-14)
The King is Gods deputy on earth, and is himself parallel in authority to God. Just as God is king of Angels and all creation, the king is ruler of his countrymen, and deserves similar awe. The unlawful death of kings always causes disruption in the heavens (stars fall from the sky, freakish storms blow across the country) and disruption in the world of nature (famines, plagues, unnatural activity among the animals, etc.)
Killing the King is attacking an emblem of Godhead. It is worse than even killing a priest. For he has two bodies, and injuring the head of the state is a blow to the entire people.
Explicit Presentatio!
Works Consulted: Boethius. The Consolation of Philosophy. Trans. Richard Green. NY: Macmillan Pub. Co., 1962.