Refraction 2

Lenses

Copyright Mark Jordan Davitt College,

Castlebar
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Converging Lens

C1

Principal axis

C2

C1 & C2 are the centres of the spheres of which the surfaces of the lens form a part
The line through C1 & C2 form the principal axis
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Converging lens

Normal

F
C1

F
C2

A ray of light on entering the lens is refracted towards the normal and on leaving away from the normal. Since surfaces are inclined towards each other the ray is refracted towards the principal axis. Rays parallel to the principal axis Since light can travel equally converge towards a point called well in both directions, there the principal focus F. are two foci.
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To locate the position of an image in a convex lens we use two of the following rays of light 1 parallel to the principal axis emerging through focus 2 striking the centre of the lens passes straight through (if lens is thin)

3 through the focus emerging parallel to principal axis.

F = Focal point
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Images in Convex lens Image formed in convex lens when the object is placed outside twice the focal length

object

1 1 1 f u v
F
f

u
F = Focal point

v
Image Real, inverted & diminished
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Images in Convex lens Image formed in convex lens when the object is placed at twice focal length

object

1 1 1 f u v
F
f

u
F = Focal point

v
Image Real, inverted & same size as object
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Images in Convex lens

Image formed in convex lens when the object is placed between f and 2f object

1 1 1 f u v
F
f

u F = Focal point
Image Real, inverted & magnified
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Images in Convex lens Image formed in convex lens when the object is placed at the focus

object

1 1 1 f u v
F
f

u
F = Focal point Image at Infinity
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Images in Convex lens

Image formed in convex lens when the object is placed inside the Focus

object

1 1 1 f u v
F
f

u
F = Focal point Image Virtual, magnified & upright
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Experiment to find the focal length of a convex lens

lens

raybox

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Convave lens To locate the position of an image in a concave lens we use two of the following rays of light

1. A ray which strikes the lens travelling parallel to principal axis is refracted as if it came from focus 3. A ray heading for the focus on striking the lens is refracted parallel to principal axis

F = Focal point
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2. A ray striking the centre of the lens passes straight through (if lens is thin)

Images in Concave lens Image formed in concave lens when the object is placed in front of lens

object

1 1 1 f u v
F
f v

u
F = Focal point Image Virtual, upright & diminished 14

Cornea

Suspensory ligament Retina

Iris

Pupil
Optic nerve

Lens
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Accommodation is the ability of the lens in the eye to change its focal length so that light from close up and distant objects always fall on the retina

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Short-sight defect falls short of retina

light from distant object

Corrected light from distant object with help of a diverging (concave) lens

falls on retina

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Long-sight defect falls behind retina

light from near object

Corrected light from near object with help of a converging (convex) lens

falls on retina

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