Personality and Emotions

What is Personality?
Personality The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Personality Traits Enduring characteristics that describe an individuals behavior.
Personality Determinants
Heredity Environment

Situation

What Is Personality?

Heredity Environment Situation

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

Personality Types
Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I) Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N) Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F) Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Type of Social Interaction Preference for Gathering Data Preference for Decision Making
Extrovert (E)
Introvert (I)

Sensing (S) Intuitive (N) Feeling (F) Thinking (T) Perceptive (P) Judgmental (J)
5

Style of Decision Making

The Big Five Personality Dimensions

Extraversion: Outgoing, talkative, sociable,
assertive

Agreeableness: Trusting, good natured,

cooperative, soft hearted

Conscientiousness: Dependable, responsible,

achievement oriented, persistent

Emotional stability: Relaxed, secure, unworried Openness to experience: Intellectual, imaginative,

curious, broad minded

Research finding: Conscientiousness is the best (but

not a strong) predictor of job performance

Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB

1. Locus of control

2. Machiavellianism
3. Self-esteem

4. Self-monitoring
5. Risk taking

6. Type A personality

1 - Locus of Control

Internal locus of control:

belief that one controls key events and consequences in ones life.

External locus of control:

Ones life outcomes attributed to environmental factors such as luck or fate.

2 - Machiavellianism
Machiavellianism (Mach)
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.
Conditions Favoring High Machs Direct interaction Minimal rules and regulations Emotions distract for others

3 - Self-Esteem & 4 - Self-Monitoring

Self-Esteem (SE) Individuals degree of liking or disliking themselves.

Self-Monitoring A personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.

5 - Risk-Taking

High Risk-taking Managers 1. Make quicker decisions 2. Use less information to make decisions 3. Operate in smaller & more entrepreneurial organizations
Low Risk-taking Managers 1. Are slower to make decisions 2. Require more information before making decisions 3. Exist in larger organizations with stable environments

Risk Propensity (tendency) Aligning managers risk-taking propensity to job requirements should be beneficial to organizations.

6 - Personality Types
Proactive Personality Identifies Opportunities, Shows Initiative, Takes Action, and Perseveres until meaningful change occurs. Creates positive change in the environment, regardless or even in spite of constraints or obstacles.

Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy: A persons belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task. A Model of Self-Efficacy

Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs:

Prior experience Behavior models Persuasion from others Assessment of physical/emotional state

Achieving Person-Job Fit

Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland) Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover. Personality Types

Realistic
Investigative Social Conventional Enterprising Artistic

Hollands Personality-Job Fit Theory

Type Realistic Investigative Social Conventional Enterprising Artistic

Personality
Shy, Stable, Practical
Analytical, Independent Sociable, Cooperative Practical, Efficient Ambitious, Energetic Imaginative, Idealistic

Occupations
Mechanic, Farmer, Assembly-Line Worker
Biologist, Economist, Mathematician Social Worker, Teacher, Counselor Accountant, Manager Bank Teller Lawyer, Salesperson Painter, Writer, Musician
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EMOTIONS
Emotions are intense feelings that are
directed at someone or some thing

Moods are feelings that tend to be less

intense than emotions and that lacks a contextual stimulus

Emotions can turn into moods when one

lose focus on the contextual object

What Are Emotions? (contd)

Emotional Labor A situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions. i.e. doesnt express the true emotions Emotional Dissonance

A situation in which an employee must project one emotion while simultaneously feeling another.

Felt versus Displayed Emotions

Felt Emotions

An individuals actual emotions.

They are innate Displayed Emotions
Emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job.

They are learned

Emotion Dimensions
Variety of emotions
Positive Negative

Intensity of emotions
Personality Job Requirements

Frequency and duration of emotions

How often emotions are exhibited. How long emotions are displayed.

Gender and Emotions

Women
Can show greater emotional expression. Experience emotions more intensely. Display emotions more frequently. Are more comfortable in expressing emotions. Are better at reading others emotions.

Men
Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistent with the male image. Are innately less able to read and to identify with others emotions. Have less need to seek social approval by showing positive emotions.

Affective Events Theory (AET)

Emotions are negative or positive responses to a work environment event. Personality and mood determine the intensity of the emotional response. Emotions can influence a broad range of work performance and job satisfaction variables.

AFFECTIVE EVENTS THEORY

Implications of the theory:
Individual response reflects emotions & mood cycles Current and past emotions affect job satisfaction. Emotional fluctuations create variations in job satisfaction. Emotions have only short-term effects on job performance. Both negative and positive emotions can distract workers and reduce job performance.

OB Applications of Understanding Emotions

Ability and Selection

Emotions affect employee effectiveness.

Emotional intelligence refers to one ability to detect and to manage emotional cues and information . Its five dimensions are 1. Self awareness: being aware of what you are feeling 2. Self management: The ability to manage ones own emotions and impulses

OB Applications (contd)
3. Self motivation. the ability to persist in the face of setbacks and failures 4. Empathy. The ability to sense how others are feeling 5. Social skills. The ability to handle the emotions of others

OB Applications (contd)

Decision Making
Emotions are an important part of the decision-making process in organizations.

Motivation
Emotional commitment to work and high motivation are strongly linked.

Leadership
Emotions are important to acceptance of messages from organizational leaders.

OB Applications (contd)

Interpersonal Conflict
Conflict in the workplace and individual emotions are strongly intertwined.

Customer Services
Emotions affect service quality delivered to customers which, in turn, affects customer relationships.

OB APPLICATION (cont)

Deviant Workplace Behaviors

Negative emotions lead to employee deviance (actions that violate norms and threaten the organization). 1. Productivity failures 2. Property theft and destruction 3. Political actions 4. Personal aggression

Thank you