PETR 220B Technical Presentation SEISMIC & PETROPHYSICS

PETROPHYSICS

Definition Petrophysics may be defined as the synergistic process of integrating data sets from multiple sources, disciplines, and scales to characterize and quantify rock, pore and fluid systems (modified version of Archies 1950 definition). Multiple methods are used to describe the same parameter so as to minimize uncertainty.

PETROPHYSICS
GEOLOGY
Build Model

GEOPHYSICS
Extract Maps Calculate Volumes

Facies characterization - Structural - Sand bodies distribution

Where to drill and what type of rocks to expect

- Seismic facies - Rock Physics - Synthetic seismic/Tie-in

compartments Model update (4D)

PETROPHYSICS

- Rock mechanics - Data Acquisition - Real time drilling optimization

Optimize no. Of wells and position

- Fluids /contatcs - Pressure/Compartments - Relative permeability

DRILLING

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
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SEISMIC

Rock physics transforms petrophysical results into elastic properties that can be used for seismic interpretation.

Reservoir Integration Process Model (RIPM)

After Newsham and Rushing (2001) Stage 1: Geologic and Geophysical Assessment Regional Geology
Basin Morphology, Stress Regime

Work Flow
Stage 1: Geologic Assessment The first stage focuses on descriptions of the geological framework, including interpretations of structural geology, depositional environment, and stratigraphy. Lithofacies, based on lithology, rock texture and sedimentary structure, are derived from core data, while vertical distributions of lithofacies are identified from well logs.

Structural Geology
Trap Definition, Closure
17 Sd

Core Descriptio n Units Genetic

Depositional Process
Flow Regime

Depositional Environment
Facies Distribution

Stratigraphy
Depositional Sequence, Architecture

21 Sd

20 Sd

IMM 9
22 Sd 23 Sd 22 Sd

Stage 2: Petrophysical Evaluation Facies Distribution

Depositional Architecture
Well Anadarko Stephens A-1R Unit Bossier - Bonner Sand Location Freestone Co., Texas Interpreter JJP Date 4/13/99 Core #1 (13,214' - 13,229')

Stage2: Petrographic and Petrophysical Rock Types

Fluids Hydraulic Rock Types
Classification
Core Porosity vs Permeability @ 3500 psi with Pitman Lines (R20) Of Constant Pore Throat Size
Sample No. 75 Sample No. 76

Rocks
Petrology, Mineralogy, Diagenesis, Porosity
Generalized Paragenetic Sequence
Compaction/Grain Fracture Pyrite Repl./Cement Quartz Overgrowths Grain Coating Clay
Klinkenberg Permeability (md)
0.1

Pores
Porosity, Permeability, Pore Size Distribution
Porosity vs. Permeability By Rock Type
100000

Krgas, PVT, Capillary Sw, Compressibility

Height Above Free Water
Critical Hg Saturatio n Seal Cap acity Barrier Cap acity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Dean Stark Water Volumes Henderson 6 Core No. 2, Samples 75-80

1.20
Cumulative Extracted Volume, cc

50
10000

10000 1000

1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40

Sample No. 77 Sample No. 78 Sample No. 79 Sample No. 80

150 750 1750 4500

Depth Feet

DESCRIPTION
CLAYSTONE SILTSTONE CONGLOM VFG SDST S. CLAYST CG SDST MG SDST FG SDST

1000

20 microns 10 microns 5 microns "Rock Type 1" 2 microns 1 microns .5 microns .2 microns "Rock Type 2B" .1 microns .05 microns .025 microns .01 microns .005 microns

Hg Injec tion Permeability, md)

10 1

10

0.20 0.00

Ta?

13214'

Dark gray silty sandstones Diffuse laminated "Swirled" appearance - slumped? Mid-gray

Dolomite Cement Calcite Cement/Repl. TiO2 (Shpene/Anatase?)

1 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Calcite Cemented Silt/Sand

0.01

10

20

30

40

50

60

"Rock Type 2A"

0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001

Hg Incremental S aturation, %

Cumulative Extraction Time, hr

Gas Formation Volume Factors
Bg FVFG

13215'
Ta?

? ?

dark gray ~ sandstone rip - up clast sandstone, gray, diffuse laminate, slumped?
Fracturing Anhydrite Cement/Repl. Zeolite (Laumontite) Cmt. Barite(?) Cement/Repl.

Quartz Cemented Sand Argillaceous Silt/Sand Moderately Argillaceous Sand

Composite Dean Stark Water Saturations

Composite Dean Stark Sw
350.000
100.0 90.0 80.0

3.000

13216'

Dean Stark Water Saturation

60.0 50.0 40.0

Bg (Scf/ft3)

Well Laminated Sand Mixed Selected SCAL Plugs

200.000 1.500 150.000 1.000

"Seals" .0005 microns

13218'
Tb?

13219'

Diffuse Laminations - Planar Inclined Dark gray. Wavy rippled and flaser bedded sandstone, siltstone and mid stone. Samll scale synsedimintry microfault slump. Burrows absent/rare.

Chlorite/Smectite Repl./Cmt.
0.0001

30.0 20.0

100.000

50.000
10.0

0.500

.001 microns CH4 Molecule ~2 Ang

20

0.0000001
0.000
12150.00 12200.00 12250.00 12300.00 12350.00 12400.00 12450.00 12500.00 12550.00

13220'

Tidal deposits Shallow MarineSubtital

Early

Late

7 Porosity (%)

10

11

12

13

14

0.0 12100.00

2000

4000

6000 Pressure (psia)

8000

10000

0.000 12000

10

Core Depth (Measured, ft)

Hg Injec tion Poros ity (%)

13221'

massive sand chaotic/slumped/injected/massive dark and light gray sand,

Incremental Saturation vs. Pore Throat Radius

Storm deposit? Large scale slump? Injection Feature?

Relative Permeability (@ 5% Sw)

5 10 Roc k Type 1 Bounda ry

Apex Plot of Significant Saturation

0.1

13222'

INTERGRANULAR MACRO-POROSITY
1

1 6 11 Roc k Type 2A Bounda ry

2 7 12 Roc k Type 2B Bounda ry

3 8 13 Roc k Type 3A Bounda ry

4 9 14 Roc k Type 3B Bounda ry

1.00 0.90 0.80

Sample 1-1SC (Rock Type 2A) Sample 2-77 (Rock Type 1) Sample 4-19 (Rock Type 2A) Sample 4A-1 (Rock Type 2B) Rock Type 2B Model Rock Type 2A Model Rock Type 1 Model Pseudo-Rock Type 3 Model Rock Type 3

13223'

Relative Gas Permeability

Injected/slumped light gray sand silty mud rip-upclasts massive dark gray sandy siltstones / VFS

0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00

Hg Saturation / Injection Pressure

13224'

13225'

~ and rpple laminated sands silts and mudscommon to abundant vertical ~ burrows. scattered planolites, restricted ~ stressed conditions Rythmic sedimtation - tidal bundles on 2 scales (1 inch + 1mm)

13226'

Tidal deposits Shallow MarineSubtital Brackish Water?

Pore Throat Radius, microns

0.01

0.1

0.001

13227'

0.01

13228'

Tidal laminated silts with doable mud ~ small planolites + ~ burrows at top. ~ and current ripple stratified ~, ~ burrow
0.001 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

13229'

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

0.0001 0 10 20 30 40 50 Hg Saturation, % 60 70 80 90 100

Water Saturation (fraction)

3 OF4

Incre me ntal Hg Saturation, %

Pico

13217'

FVFG, BBl/MSCF

PRESERVED SAMPLE massive dark gray poorlysorted sand Wispy diffuse organic laminations Dark gray organic carbonaceous mudstone drape Ripple Laminated

300.000

Mercury intrusion pore aperature boundaries

"Rock Type 3"

2.500

250.000
70.0

2.000

0.001

Nano

Pore Size (microns)

Description and Remarks

100

100

Micro Meso Macro Mega

40 microns

The second stage identifies the rock and fluid systems on a pore-level scale using petrographic observations of pore structure, mineralogy, and diagenesis. Rock types are identified. Each rock type exhibits a unique porositypermeability relationship, capillary pressure profile, and relative permeability characteristics.

Height Above Free Water, ft.

Stage 3: Formation Evaluation Log Analysis

Lithology, Porosity, Fluid Models
Matrix Response Line

Permeability
Correlation Methods
Porosity Pore Size Distribution Connectivity

Profiles

Flow Units

Reservoir Compartments
Hydraulic Connectivity, LeverettJ(Sw), Pressure
Log Sw Hydraulic Boundary 0.00 17380 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 J(Sw) Capillary Sw

Stage 3: Up-scaling Rock Types to Flow Units and Reservoir Compartments. The third or formation evaluation stage integrates the core data, well logs, rock types, and fluid properties to identify reservoir flow units: speed zones, seals, and baffles. Flow units are identified from the relationship between flow capacity and storage capacity.

Stratified Lorenz, Storage and Porosity, Sw, Permeability, Flow Capacity Pressure

NMR
100% Clay Point

Electrical Resistance

Capillary Pressure

?
17390

Clay Response Line

Carman-Kozeny Permeability

Carmen Kozeny Dependency

Porosity Poly. (Porosity)

6 y = -0.000000856x3 + 0.000683677x2 - 0.078440305x + 4.223278294 R2 = 0.773217390

'X' Exponent

Modified Carmen-Kozeny Equation; using variable X-exponent

Carmen Kozeny Dependency

2
100 y = 1.1291x0.92 R2 = 0.312

Standard CZ Equation; Using fixed x-exponent One-to-One Pow er (Modified Carmen-Kozeny Equation; using variable Xexponent) Pow er (Standard CZ Equation; Using fixed x-exponent)

Carmen-Kozeny 'x' - Permeability

10 1

0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 Saturation 80.0

100.0 0.1
0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001 0.00001 y = 0.4706x0.8298 R2 = 0.5884

0.00010

0.00100

0.01000

0.10000

1.00000

10.00000

100.00000

Depth (SSft)

17400

17410

17420

Sw (frac)

Ambient Klinkenberg k, mD

Stage 4: Reservoir Modeling Wellbore Models

Production Performance Analysis Conventional Material Balance
6,000 5,000 4,000
p/z (psia)

Stage 4: Flow Characterization

Deterministic Models

Stochastic Models
Well 1 Well 2
Well 1 Well 2

Sand

3,000 2,000 1,000 0 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Cumulative Gas Production, (MMscf)

Shale
Contacted GIP

ObjectBased Modelin g

Initial Conditions

Final Conditions

Gas Production Rate, Mscf/day

2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000

1,200

Flowing Tubing Pressure, psia

Pressure Transient Testing

Local Conditional Probability Distribution

Probability

Flow Simulation with History Matching

The fourth or reservoir modeling stage uses wellbore, reservoir, and geocellular reservoir models to test the description from the first three stages. The models typically included at this stage include pressure transient testing, material balance-type curve analysis of production data, conventional finite difference simulators, and geostatistic studies.

GridBased
Rock Property Variogram

Rate and Pressure Histories

4,000 Daily Gas Rate 3,500 3,000 Flowing Tubing Pressure 1,600 2,000

Modelin g

800

400 500 0 10/9/1997 0 3/8/1998 8/5/1998 1/2/1999 Date 6/1/1999 10/29/1999

Petrophysics Seismic Integration

Well test Formation tester sampling

The integration of all the aspects of the reservoir is the key to achieve the 3D visualisation

seismic

INTEGRATION
SCAL SEM The goal: 3D visualisation Well logging: density, neutron, of the reservoir

resistivity, NMR,
Sonic, spectrometry . 6

Petrophysics Seismic Integration

Process of using information obtained from boreholes to determine the physical and chemical properties of rocks and their fluid content.

Petrophysical Assesment of the Reservoir

Used to determine
Reservoir thickness Porosity & Permeability Hydrocarbon Saturation & Mobility

Petrophysical Assesment of the Reservoir

Reservoir thickness
Porosity Hydrocarbon Saturation

Identification of Pertinent Acoustic Properties

Conventional seismic modelling,

Compressional sonic, shear sonic, and density logs and core measurements provide the information necessary to model the seismic expression of a logged interval

Cross-plotting well-log-scale acoustic properties vs petrophysical properties,

Acoustic Impedance or Vp/Vs versus Water Saturation Acoustic Impedance or Vp/Vs versus Volume of Shale
10

Identification of Pertinent Acoustic Properties

Overlaying capillary pressure and acoustic properties, Overlaying Lorenz/Modified Lorenz plots and acoustic information, Overlaying porosity-permeability and acoustic properties, Backus averaging acoustic well-log measurements to upscale to the seismic scale.
11

Seismic Modelling
This step involves forging an understanding of the acoustic response of the reservoir. This involves: Building end-member reservoir models from petrophysical rock and fluid types Computing seismic responses for each model, and Varying the reservoir thickness/net-to-gross within each model to understand tuning effects. NB: Flow-unit seismic expressions are modelled and understood at this stage
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Seismic Data Acquisition

Energy propagation

The Seismogram

bouncing sound waves off boundaries between different types of rock, on land truck mounted vibrators, sea-air guns The synthetic seismogram The seismic record Land-dynamite, Marine-Air gun

Energy Sources

Geophones and hydrophones

seismic transducer, or seismometer Digital recorders are used in all modern seismic work Computer compatibility, Large dynamic range

The seismic recorder

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Seismic Data Acquisition

Vibroseis
14

Upscaling Petrophysical Properties to the Seismic Scale

Scoping at the Well-Log Scale

Sensitivity Analysis for Upscaling Predicting Petrophysical Properties from Seismic Impedance

15

Seismic Data Processing

Spatial phase stabilization quality control
-Short

window slabs of data are extracted surrounding each picked horizon -Average phase distribution map is computed -Maps are phase vector summed to get average phase distributed. -If flat response then no correction is needed -If not -Trace is phase rotated by phase value -Quality control procedure is repeated

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Calibrations of real seismic attributes to modelled seismic attributes

Waveform characteristics from real seismic data is compared to waveform characteristic from modelled seismic data. Similarities strengthen the calibrations while dissimilarities show inadequate data and conceptual framework or mathematical model. Used along with 3D seismic to map 3D flow unit geometries

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Conclusion
An integrated model increases accuracy of the final analysis, making it easy to iterate between petrophysics and rock physics while maintaining consistency. Benefits include: Increased credibility and hence greater acceptance of decisions Increased efficiencies Faster project turn-around More timely delivery of results to engineers and geophysicists Improved well placement Reduced drilling risk for more precise reservoir management Increased field productivity since a better drilling program can be devised A more complete and credible view of company assets.

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