INTRODUCTION

THE HUMAN BODY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Course Objectives and Goals

Identify and explain the physiology of: Integumentary System Musculoskeletal System Nervous System The Senses Endocrine System (hormone production and release) Cardiovascular System Immune System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System and Birth

THE HUMAN BODY

Anatomy understanding the structure of the body Physiology understanding the function of the body Homeostasis when thinking about physiology, keep in mind homeostasis, the body is constantly trying to maintain balance

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Chemical Level - smallest part includes atoms (tiny building blocks of matter), molecules (combination of atoms) Cellular - molecules combine to form cells, smallest unit of living things (Basic structural and functional unit of an organism) Tissue - group of cells and the surrounding material Organ - different tissues joined together System - related organs with a common function Organism - largest level, any living individual

Figure 1.1

BASIC LIFE PROCESSES

Metabolism - sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body Catabolism - the breakdown of complex substances into simpler components Anabolism - the building up of complex simple to complex substances Responsiveness - the bodys ability to detect and respond to change

BASIC LIFE PROCESSES

Movement -motion of the body Growth - increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells Differentiation - development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state Reproduction - formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement or to the production of a new individual

Survival Needs
1. Nutrients chemicals needed for energy and cell building e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals 2. Oxygen necessary for chemical reactions 3. Water makes up 6080% of body weight necessary for metabolic reaction 4. Stable body temperature 5. volume and pressure circulating environment must maintain adequate volume and pressure to ensure proper tissue distribution to all body cells

6. pH ( potential hydrogen) changes in pH affect nerve and enzyme function

HOMEOSTASIS
The condition of equilibrium or balance in the bodys internal environment MAJOR CONCEPT TO REMEMBER WHEN STUDYING PHYSIOLOGYand in clinic!

Homeostasis
How does an organism achieve homeostasis? Feedback regulation i.e. self regulation sensors throughout the body monitor internal conditions and bring them back to normal when they shift Negative (-ve) feedback shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity (like a thermostat) most homeostatic control mechanisms Positive (+ve) feedback increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther in 2 circumstances only 1. blood clotting reactions 2. uterine contractions during the birth of a baby

 Receptors

Homeostasis

sensors of change in the environment send information of change to the control center

Afferent pathway = from receptor to control center Control Center

analyzes the information from the receptor determines the appropriate response, and sends it to the effector to respond

Effectors
are muscles and glands respond to changes to bring back homeostasis

Efferent pathway = from control center to effector

Control of Homeostasis

BODY FLUIDS
ICF (intracellular fluid) - fluid inside the cell ECF (extra-cellular fluid) - fluid outside the cell Interstitial fluid - ECF between the cells Blood plasma - ECF within blood vessels

BODY FLUIDS
Lymph - ECF within lymphatic tissue Cerebrospinal - ECF in the brain and spinal cord Synovial - ECF in joints Aqueous Humor -ECF of the eyes Vitreous Body - ECF of the eyes

GENERAL CLINICAL TERMS

Disorder - any abnormality in structure or function Disease -recognizable set of signs or symptoms Local - affects one part or a limited region Systemic - affects entire body or several parts Symptoms- subjective - person tells you Signs - objective - clinician can observe

GENERAL CLINICAL TERMS

Acute over a short period of time Chronic over a long period of time (> than 6 months)

BODY SYSTEMS
The body works as a unit and is composed of 11 body systems that work together No system of the body works alone Failure in one system can result in the subsequent failure in other body systems

BODY SYSTEMS

BODY SYSTEMS

Figure 1.3gi

Figure 1.3gi

SOAP NOTES
Soap notes are chart notes that a clinician will create regarding a patients medical concern and presentation Soap notes are legal documents and can be used in the court of law. Soap notes must be signed by the clinician so others will know who saw the patient

SOAP NOTES
S = subjective - person tells you O = objective - clinician can observe (diagnostic techniques) A= assessment - diagnosis (what is wrong with the patient) P=plan - future protocol

DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
Inspection - observation with the eye Palpation - feeling or touching the body surfaces Auscultation - listening to body sounds Percussion - tapping on body surface with fingertips and listen to resulting echos and sound variations

BODY POSITIONS
Anatomical Position - description of a part of the body in a particular stance Prone - faced down Supine - faced up

PRINCIPLE REGIONAL NAMES

Head - Cephalic Neck - Cervical Chest - Thoracic Stomach - Abdomen Pelvis (pelvic cavity) urinary bladder, reproductive organs Upper Limb (upper extremity) shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand Lower Limb ( lower extremity) buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot

DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Superior - toward the head Inferior - away from head Anterior - at the front of the body Posterior - at the back of the body Medial - near the midline Lateral - farther from the midline Intermediate - between two surfaces

DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Ipsi-lateral - same side of the body Contra-lateral - opposite side of the body Distal - farther from the origin of a structure Proximal - nearer to the origin of a structure Superficial - toward or on the surface Deep - away from the surface

PLANES AND SECTIONS

Sagittal - vertical plane divides body into left and right sides Median/mid-sagittal - divides body into equal right and left sides Frontal/coronal - divides into anterior and posterior Transverse - divides into superior and inferior Horizontal/cross section - aka transverse Oblique - pass through at an angle

BODY CAVITIES
Cranial cavity - contains cranial bones Vertebral - contains the spinal cord Thoracic contains the lungs and heart Pericardial - surrounds the heart Pleural - surrounds the lungs Abdominal contains digestive organs Pelvic contains bladder, reproductive and rectum

BODY QUADRANTS
Quadrants -division of 4 parts RUQ right upper quadrant RLQ right lower quadrant LUQ- left upper quadrant LLQ left lower quadrant

BODY REGIONS
Right Hypochondriac Epigastric Left Hypochondriac Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar Right Inguinal Hypogastric (Pubic) Left Inguinal