Sometimes, misleading data are published due to honest errors in statistics or recordkeeping or differences in opinion about reporting data

a. True b. False

Sometimes, misleading data are published due to honest errors in statistics or recordkeeping or differences in opinion about reporting data
a. True b. False A: lecture

Making up data or results and recording or reporting them

a. plagiarism b. fabrication c. falsification d. all of the above

Making up data or results and recording or reporting them

a. plagiarism b. fabrication (lecture) c. falsification d. all of the above

 In Aschs (1951) experiment, participants reported which comparison line was similar to a standard line. When confederates selected the wrong line, some participants also picked the wrong line. Asch suggested that these results likely reflect a. informational influence b. normative influence c. obedience to authority d. private influence

 In Aschs (1951) experiment, participants reported which comparison line was similar to a standard line. When confederates selected the wrong line, some participants also picked the wrong line. Asch suggested that these results likely reflect a. informational influence b. normative influence c. obedience to authority d. private influence B: Lecture

Overview of 4 Basic Research Methods

hypothesis

hypothesis
educated guess clearly stated and testable prediction

Theory

Theory
organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena

Good theories tend to:

be SIMPLE have EXPLANATORY POWER

4 Broad Categories of Research

1. Descriptive research 2. Correlational research 3. Experimental research 4. Quasi-experimental research

1. Descriptive Research

1. Descriptive Research
Describes the behavior, thoughts, or feelings of a particular group of individuals

1. Descriptive Research
Describes the behavior, thoughts or feelings of a particular group of individuals EX: public opinion polls

1. Descriptive Research
Little effort to relate behavior under study to other variable or examine or explain causes systematically

Foundation for all types of research

2. Correlational Research

2. Correlational Research
Investigates the relations among variables

2. Correlational Research
Does not tell us about whether one variable actually causes the other

3. Experimental Research

3. Experimental Research
Researcher manipulates one variable to see whether changes in behavior occur as a consequence

To understand cause and effect

Independent Variables

Independent Variables
The treatment or condition manipulated by the experimenter

Dependent Variables

Dependent Variables
The expected effect of a treatment Any aspect of the participants behavior that is measured after the experimental treatment

Experimental Control
The ability of the experimenter to hold theoretically irrelevant factors constant in an experiment

Experimental Realism
The extent to which events in the experimental setting are credible, involving, and taken seriously by participants

Mundane Realism
The extent to which experimental events in a controlled setting are similar to events which occur in the real world

4. Quasi-Experimental Research
When cannot control all other factors and cannot manipulate independent variable Study event naturally or manipulate variable but do not exert much control

EX: studying the potential role of part-time job on school grades

EX: studying the potential role of part-time job on school grades

Imagine correlational study shows positive and significant relation between these variables What about causality?

EX: studying the potential role of part-time job on school grades

Study students over time students who naturally fall into a group of part-time workers or full time students

4. Quasi-Experimental Research
Do not allow same degree of confidence in interpretation as true experiments

Which of 4 research strategies?

Which of 4 research strategies?

practical concerns (time, $, control over the situation) ethical issues (manipulating independent variable)

Experimenter Expectancy Effects

Experimenter Expectancy Effects

Experimenters expectations can distort the results of an experiment by affecting how they interpret participants behavior

Demand Characteristics

Demand Characteristics
Aspects of a study that indicate to participants who they should behave