Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
j tot
j
j
j
b
I I
I
R
W
N
E
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
Load Calculation
Using the previous equation we can express the load caused by one subscriber as a part of
the total load:
, where:
For N subscribers, the load caused in the cell (so called load factor) is:
( )
j
j
b
j
j
N E
R W
load
v
1
1
1
0
+
=
tot j j
I load I =
=
N
j
j
load q
Little i
The load factor calculation the other cell interferences takes into account the
interference from other cells.
This can be introduced by means of the little i value, which describes how much
two cells overlap (bigger overlapping more inter-cell interferences).
I
other
Sector Little i
Omni 0.55
3 0.65
* Nokia recommended
values
Intereference in DL
Interference in UL
Orthogonality
Orthogonality [o] is a measure how well separate code signals are
uncorrelated
In DL the own cell interference are reduced by factor (1-o). This is due to the
synchronised orthogonal channelisation codes, which are used in DL.
Nokia recommended value: [o] = 50%
Load Calculation
After introduction of the little i the load factor in the cell will be:
In DL the own cell interference is reduced by factor (1-o). This is due to the synchronised
orthogonal channelisation codes, which are used in DL:
( )
+ =
N
j
j
load i 1 q
( ) | |
+ =
N
j
j j DL
load i o q 1
Ortogonality factor o
j
is between 0.4 and 0.9
Typical values:
ITU vehicular subscriber (Macro Cell) o
j
=0.6
ITU pedestrian subscriber (Micro Cell) o
j
=0.9
Power Rise
For UEs located in the other cells the power increase caused by Fast Loop
PC procedure is harmful for the own cell interference conditions
Non-fading channel Fading channel
Transmitted power
Received power
Power rise
Average transmitted power
Non-fading channel Fading channel
Transmitted power
Received power
Power rise
Average transmitted power
Nokia recommended value:
[pwr_rise] = 0.7 dB
Load Calculation
Because of power rise in the UL load calculation, the little i should be corrected (little i is
multiplied by pw_rise parameter)
UL load affects the noise level at the Node B receiver. Noise Rise
A typical cell load value for dimensioning ranges from 30% to 70 %.
50% is a good compromise between the number of sites and the offered capacity.
Breathing effect: UL load limits the Coverage.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
9
5
9
8
loading/%
l
o
s
s
/
d
B
( )
+ =
N
j
j UL
load i rise pw_ 1 q
Interference Margin vs Load Factor
20
10
6
1.25
3
25% 50% 75% 99%
I
Margin
[dB]
Load factor q
20
10
6
1.25
3
25% 50% 75% 99%
I
Margin
[dB]
Load factor q
The graph shows
relationship between
the interference margin
and the load factor.
Nokia recommends
loading between 30% to
70% for optimum
performance
50% uplink loading
represents a good
trade-off between
coverage and capacity
Cell Loading Calculation
1. Traffic per Cell
Erlang or kbit/s
4. Interfering Channels
(=physical channels*activity factor)
5. Fractional Load
3. Physical Channels
(=traffic channels*SHO)
2. Traffic Channels
Traffic per cell is usually defined in terms of Erlang for
voice and real time (RT) data services and in terms of
kbits/s for non real time (NRT) data
The blocking probability is typically assumed to be 2% for
circuit switched services.
Cell Loading Calculation
Evaluation of the physical channel requirement per carrier
for each service class. This is completed separately for
UL and DL.
Evaluation of interfering channels per cell for each service
class. This requires a direct multiplication of the
physical channel requirement with the corresponding
service activity factor.
1. Traffic per Cell
Erlang or kbit/s
4. Interfering Channels
(=physical channels*activity factor)
5. Fractional Load
3. Physical Channels
(=traffic channels*SHO)
2. Traffic Channels
Soft handover overhead (SHO)
Nokia value = 40%
assumption: 30% = 2-way
connections
5% = 3-way connections
Therefore: (1 * 0.65) + (2 * 0.30) + (3
* 0.05) = 1.4
Cell Loading Calculation
1. Traffic per Cell
Erlang or kbit/s
4. Interfering Channels
(=physical channels*activity factor)
5. Fractional Load
3. Physical Channels
(=traffic channels*SHO)
2. Traffic Channels
The fractional load for each service are evaluated
separately for both uplink and downlink
The table below shows an example calculation:
Code Channels Calculation
1. Traffic per Cell
Erlang or kbit/s
4. Interfering Channels
(=physical channels*activity factor)
5. Fractional Load
3. Physical Channels
(=traffic channels*SHO)
2. Traffic Channels
Hardware Channels
HW channels are implemented on channel cards
(WSP cards)
The signal processing unit (WSP) in the Node B
performs RX and TX code channel processing,
coding and decoding functions.
Amount of WSPs shall be planned according to the
traffic on the BTS.
Channels Calculation
1. Traffic per Cell
Erlang or kbit/s
4. Interfering Channels
(=physical channels*activity factor)
5. Fractional Load
3. Physical Channels
(=traffic channels*SHO)
2. Traffic Channels
Hardware Channels
The code channels (HW channels) needed for
different services are as follows:
Service Code Channel
Voice 1
64 kbps service (RT/NRT) 4
128 kbps service (RT/NRT) 4
384 kbps service (RT/NRT) 16
Code channel requirement for common channels:
Configuration Code Channel
1+1+1 16
2+2+2 32
3+3+3 48
4+4+4 64
USING WSPC
BTS Power
The link budget provides the average BTS TX power per connection for each
service class. The BTS TX power per connection is defined from the average
DL isotropic path loss.
The total BTS TX power is obtained by summing up the TX power required for all
service classes and common channels
For dimensioning, the amount of power allocated for common channels is 20% of
the maximum BTS TX power.
NODE B POWER
COMMON CHANNELS
TRAFFIC
Dimensioning Results
Dimensioning Results
Required HW channels (BTS processing capacity)
Load
Required BTS TX
power
TRAFFIC
Erlang or kbit/s
TRAFFIC
Erlang or kbit/s
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
INTERFERING CHANNELS
INTERFERING CHANNELS
FRACTIONAL LOAD
FRACTIONAL LOAD
FRAC. LOAD OF THE
SERVICE CLASSES
FRAC. LOAD OF THE
SERVICE CLASSES
E
TOTAL LOAD
UL & DL
TOTAL LOAD
UL & DL
REQUIRED BTS TX
POWER
REQUIRED BTS TX
POWER
Limiting factors:
The following criteria should be considered:
Uplink load < Maximum uplink load
DL load < 1
BTS TX power < Maximum BTS TX power
Number of channel units < Max number of channel
units
Dimensioning Results
RF DIMENSIONING
RESULTS
Number of base stations
Configuration of base stations
Number of subscribers per area
mErl / subs for voice and RT data
mErl / sub for NRT data
Iub/Iur/Iu INTERFACE
DIMENSIONING
RNC
DIMENSIONING
Link Budget
Link Budget Exercise
Cell Loading Calculation
UL Fractional Load Calculation
DL Fractional Load Calculation
Cell Load Calculation