ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO ADJECTIVE PHRASES Only for subject pronoun (who, which, that)

The girl who is sitting next to me is Mary The girl sitting next to me is Mary The ideas which are presented in the book are interesting The ideas presented in the book are interesting no be, but sometimes possible to change to ing form English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters The girl whom I saw was Jennie cannot be changed to phrase Why??? because it is an object pronoun

IMPORTANT DEAR!!!! Adjective clauses with quantifier certain nondefining adj.clauses WHICH,WHOM, WHOSE A comma is used - In my class there are 20 students. - Most of them are from Malang. In my class there are 20 students, most of whom are from Malang. - He gave several reasons. - Only a few of which were valid He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid

WHICH, WHICH AND WHICH???

NOUN + OF WHICH meaning of whose only for a thing a comma is used - I bought a book. The title of the book is Lifes Little Ironies. - I bought a book, the title of which is Lifes

Little Ironies

IMPORTANT DEAR!
WHICH to modify a whole sentence - Tom was late. That surprised me.
-

Tom was late, which surprised me. The elevator is out of order. This is too bad

- The elevator is out of order, which is too bad.

I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they are going when they first set pen to paper. They have a character, perhaps two; they are in that condition of eager discomfort which passes inspiration, all admit radical changes of destination once the journey has begun; one, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir,. I never heard of anyone making a skeleton, as were taught at school.

In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began. Sometimes the yeast within a writer outlives a book he has written. I have heard of writers who read nothing but their own books.

A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the drafts that follow. The writer, like any other artist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within.

Remember ! A clause takes its name from its function. An adjective clause functions as an adjective A noun clause functions as a noun An adverbial clause as an adverb

A noun Clause

As an object

In reported questions -> I am anxious about where he has gone -> It reminds me of when I first went to school -> He asked me who had broken the antique vase -> She wondered which book you had bought -> They wanted to know what the matter was

In reported statement introduced by that

-

I am proud that you have won We are sorry that you cant come I forgot everything except that I wanted to go home We must allow for the fact that she doesnt hear well

As a subject
That he has gone for good is now quite certain What I need is a cup of tea Whoever finishes first gets a prize

As a complement 1. Adjective complement - It is clear that happiness is central to human existence

This n.c. adds information about clear

- It is essential that we do our best for everything

this n. c adds information about essential - It was hard for me to tell you (THIS IS A NOUN PHRASE)

2. Noun

Complement
be happy in life

There is a common belief that its essential for us to

SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSE

To stress importance In simple forms (no present, past, future form) No singular nor plural

The teacher demands that we be on time - I insisted that he pay me the money - It is essential that he not get into an argument with her. - It is important that they be told the truth Passive
-

An Adverbial Clause

Place Go where you like! Put it back where you found it

Time

Main conjunctions : when, as soon as, before, after, by the time, while, as, now, once, since etc.
-

Come back as soon as you can Wait till the light changes to green I ll have finished by the time you get back. The corn will grow quickly when the rain comes

Contrast - I wanted to go on, whereas my friend wanted to turn back - While one half of the town was in ruin, the other half was almost intact Manner (as, how, in that) - She fixed the broken car as her mother told her - You may finish the task how you like

Degree - positive : as as, as - proportionate or parallel: the the, according to, etc - comparative : that - restriction : as long as, as far as etc Cause : because, since, for etc. Concession: although, no matter who/when/what, even if, etc

Purpose: that, in order that, in case - They have come early so (that) they wont miss the overture - Make a note of it in case you forget Result : that, so that, so ..etc She practices her English regularly that her English is now excellent.

REMEMBER!
Many conjunctions can introduce clauses of more than one type One clause is sometimes interpreted differently in different sentences - The others came when he left (Adv. C) - Can you tell me when he left? (N C as O) - When he left is still a mystery (NC as S) - Do you remember the day when he left? (Aj C) - How could he know the result when he left before the end? ( Adv.C as cause)