FISIKA DASAR II

Wahyu Widanarto

e-mail : wahyu.widanarto@unsoed.ac.id
Program Studi Elektronika, Fakultas Sains dan Teknik Unsoed
Jl. dr. Soeparno No. 61 Purwokerto
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Materi Kuliah
1. Listrik : Muatan listrik, hukum Coulomb, medan listrik,
kondensator, hukum Gauss, fluks listrik, potensial, kapasitor,
dielektrik, dipol, arus listrik dan hambatannya, memuati dan
melucuti kapasitor.
2. Kemagnetan : Gaya dalam medan magnet, medan magnetic,
tesla, Gauss, qvxB, siklotron, spektograf massa, gaya
kemagnetan dan arus listrik, momen dipol.
3. Medan magnetik karena pengaruh arus listrik : Biot dan
Savart, definisi ampere, hukum integral-garis ampere, fluks
magnetik.
4. Induksi elektromagnetik : induktans, arus bolak-balik dan
dayanya, untai RLC sederhana.
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Muatan Listrik
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Muatan Listrik dalam Atom
Berdasarkan Model Atom Bohr : elektron-elektron bermuatan
negatif mengorbit pada kulit atom dalam lintasan tertentu
mengelilingi inti atom yang bermuatan positif.
Pada keadaan normal, muatan positif dan negatif dalam
atom adalah sama. Pada keadaan ini atom merupakan atom
neutral.
Atom yang kehilangan satu atau lebih elektron dan atom
yang kelebihan elektron disebut dengan ion negatif atau
positif.
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Charging object dengan induction
Klasifikasi material berdasarkan kemampuan elektron bergerak
dalam material

Electrical conductors are materials in which some of the
electrons are free electrons that are not bound to atoms and
can move relatively freely through the material.
Electrical insulators are materials in which all electrons are
bound to atoms and cannot move freely through the
material.
Semiconductor

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Charging object dengan induction
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(a) A neutral metallic sphere, with equal numbers of positive and negative charges.
(b) The electrons on the neutral sphere are redistributed when a charged rubber rod is
placed near the sphere.
(c) When the sphere is grounded, some of its electrons leave through the ground wire.
(d) When the ground connection is removed, the sphere has excess positive charge that is
nonuniformly distributed.
(e) When the rod is removed, the remaining electrons redistribute uniformly and there is a
net uniform distribution of positive charge on the sphere.
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Hukum Coulomb
Charles Coulomb (17361806) measured the magnitudes of the electric forces between
charged objects using the torsion balance.

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From Coulombs experiments, we can generalize the
following properties of the electric force between two
stationary charged particles.
The electric force
is inversely proportional to the square of the separation
r between the particles and directed along the line
joining them;
is proportional to the product of the charges q1 and q2
on the two particles;
is attractive if the charges are of opposite sign and
repulsive if the charges have the same sign;
is a conservative force.
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Bentuk Vektor dari Hukum Coulomb
The law expressed in vector form for the electric force exerted by a charge q
1
on a
second charge q
2
, written F
12
, is

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if four charges are present, then the resultant force exerted by particles 2, 3, and 4
on particle 1 is
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Contoh
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Contoh
Consider three point charges located at the corners of a right triangle,
where q
1
= q
3
= 5.0 C, q
2
=-2.0 C, and a = 0.10 m.
Find the resultant force exerted on q
3
.


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Vektor
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Medan Listrik (E)
A small positive test charge q
0
placed near an object carrying a much larger positive
charge Q experiences an electric field E directed as shown.

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Medan Listrik
(a) For a small enough test charge q
0
, the charge distribution on the
sphere is undisturbed.
(b) When the test charge q
0
, is greater, the charge distribution on the
sphere is disturbed as the result of the proximity of q
0
.

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Bentuk vektor medan listrik (E)
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Medan listrik yang diakibatkan oleh muatan listrik yang terbatas :
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Medan Listrik dari Distribusi Muatan Kontinyu
The electric field at P due to a continuous charge distribution is the vector sum
of the fields AE due to all the elements Aq of the charge distribution.

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Rapat Muatan
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Contoh
A rod of length l has a uniform positive charge per unit length and a total charge Q.
Calculate the electric field at a point P that is located along the long axis of the rod and a
distance a from one end.

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Contoh
A ring of radius a carries a uniformly distributed positive total charge Q. Calculate the
electric field due to the ring at a point P lying a distance x from its center along the
central axis perpendicular to the plane of the ring

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Garis-garis Medan Listrik
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Electric field lines penetrating two surfaces. The
magnitude of the field is greater on surface A than on
surface B.
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Penggambaran Medan Listrik
The lines must begin on a positive charge and terminate on a negative charge. In the
case of an excess of one type of charge, some lines will begin or end infinitely far
away.
The number of lines drawn leaving a positive charge or approaching a negative
charge is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
No two field lines can cross.

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Garis-garis Medan Listrik
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Gerak partikel bermuatan dalam medan listrik
When a particle of charge q and mass m is placed in an electric field E, the
electric force exerted on the charge is qE. If this is the only force exerted on
the particle, it must be the net force and causes the particle to accelerate
according to Newtons second law. Thus,

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Contoh
A positive point charge q of mass m is released from rest in a uniform electric
field E directed along the x axis, as shown in Figure. Describe its motion.

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Contoh
An electron enters the region of a uniform electric field as shown in Figure, with
v
i
= 3.00 x 10
6
m/s and E = 200 N/C. The horizontal length of the plates is l = 0.100 m.

a. Find the acceleration of the electron while it is in the electric field.
b. If the electron enters the field at time t=0, find the time at which it leaves the field.
c. If the vertical position of the electron as it enters the eld is y
i
=0, what is its vertical
position when it leaves the eld?


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Fluk Medan Listrik
Anggap medan listrik adalah uniform dalam besar
dan arah.
Garis-garis medan menembus permukaan luasan A
secara tegak lurus seperti terlihat dalam gambar.
Jumlah garis-garis per satuan luas adalah
proporsional terhadap besarnya medan listrik
Jumlah total garis-garis medan yang menembus
permukaan sebanding dengan perkalian E dan A
Perkalian tersebut dinamakan fluk medan listrik
Dimensi fluk medan listrik N.m
2
/C
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Fluk Medan Listrik
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Fluk Medan Listrik
Sebuah element kecil dari luasan permukaan AA
i
.

Medan listrik membentuk sebuah sudut dengan vektor
luasan yang didefinisikan sebagai nomal dari elemen
permukaan.
Fluk dapat dihitung :
dot product of two vectors
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Fluk Medan Listrik
Label 1: garis medan listrik menembus luasan permukaan dari dalam ke luar dan u <
90, Fluk positif.
Label 2: garis medan listrik menyinggung luasan permukaan dan u = 90, fluk=0.
Label 3: garis medan listrik menembus luasan permukaan dari luar ke dalam dan u >
90, Fluk negatif.
Fluk total yang menembus luasan permukaan sebanding dengan jumlah total garis
yeng meninggalkan luasan permukaan.
Fluk medan listrik untuk luasan tertutup:
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Hukum Gauss
Fluk total yang menembus permukaan Gauss
atau
where q in represents the net charge inside the surface and E represents the electric
field at any point on the surface.
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Hukum Gauss
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the net flux through any closed surface surrounding a point charge q is given by
q/c
0
and is independent of the shape of that surface.
the net electric flux through a closed surface that surrounds no charge is zero.
the electric field due to many charges is the vector sum of the electric fields
produced by the individual charges.

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Contoh
Hitung medan listrik yang disebabkan oleh muatan titik yang terisolasi
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Sebuah bola pejal dengan jejari a mempunyai rapat muatan volume dan membawa
muatan positif total Q
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Contoh
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Beda Potensial dan Potensial Listrik
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Dividing the potential energy by the test charge gives a physical quantity that depends
only on the source charge distribution. The potential energy per unit charge U/q
0
is
independent of the value of q
0
and has a value at every point in an electric field. This
quantity U/q
0
is called the electric potential (or simply the potential) V. Thus, the
electric potential at any point in an electric field is


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Beda Potensial
if the test charge is moved between two positions A and B in an
electric field, the chargefield system experiences a change in
potential energy. The potential difference AV = V
B
- V
A

between two points A and B in an electric field is defined as the
change in potential energy of the system when a test charge is
moved between the points divided by the test charge q
0
:

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Energi Potensial Listrik
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A system consisting of a negative charge and an electric field gains electric potential
energy when the charge moves in the direction of the field.

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Equipotential Surface
A uniform electric field directed along the positive x axis. Point B is at a
lower electric potential than point A. Points B and C are at the same electric
potential.

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Potensial Listrik Akibat Muatan Titik
the electric potential at a point located a distance
r from the charge

At any point in space, the electric field due
to the point charge is

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Energi Potensial Akibat Muatan Titik
(a) If two point charges are separated by a distance r
12
, the
potential energy of the pair of charges is given by


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(b) If charge q1 is removed, a potential exists at point P
due to charge q
2
.
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Soal Latihan
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Potensial Listrik Akibat Distribusi Muatan Kontinyu
the electric potential is taken to be zero when point
P is infinitely far from the charge distribution

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Soal Latihan
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Kapasitasi dan Dielektrik
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Kapasitansi
The capacitance C of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the
charge on either conductor to the magnitude of the potential difference between
the conductors:

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Kapasitansi Plat Sejajar
the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is proportional to the area of its plates
and inversely proportional to the plate separation

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Soal Latihan
A solid cylindrical conductor of radius a and charge Q is coaxial with a cylindrical shell of
negligible thickness, radius b > a, and charge -Q. Find the capacitance of this cylindrical
capacitor if its length is l.

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Rangkaian Pararel Kapasitor
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Rangkaian Seri Kapasitor
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Kapasitor dengan Dielektrik
A dielectric is a nonconducting material, such as rubber, glass, or waxed paper. When
a dielectric is inserted between the plates of a capacitor, the capacitance increases. If
the dielectric completely fills the space between the plates, the capacitance increases
by a dimensionless factor 1, which is called the dielectric constant of the material.
The dielectric constant varies from one material to another.

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Kapasitor dengan Dielektrik
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Penggambaran Atomik dari Dielektrik
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Contoh
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Arus listrik dan Hambatannya
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Tegangan, Arus dan Hambatan

Tegangan merupakan energi potensial dari sebuah sumber listrik yang tersimpan
dalam bentuk muatan listrik. Tegangan dapat dianggap sebagai gaya mendorong
elektron melalui sebuah konduktor. Beda dalam tegangan pada dua ujung simpul
pada rangkaian disebut dengan beda potensial.
A constant voltage source is called a DC Voltage with a voltage that varies
periodically with time is called an AC voltage
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Arus Listrik
Arus
Merupakan aliran muatan listrik persatuan waktu. electrons flow from the negative (-ve)
terminal to the positive (+ve) terminal of the supply.
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Hambatan
A uniform conductor of length l and cross-sectional area A. A potential difference
AV =V
b
- V
a
maintained across the conductor sets up an electric field E, and this field
produces a current I that is proportional to the potential difference.

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the magnitude of the current density in the wire
as
Because J = I/A
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Hubungan V, I dan R
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The relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance in any DC electrical circuit was
firstly discovered by the German physicist Georg Ohm, (1787 - 1854). Georg Ohm found
that, at a constant temperature, the electrical current flowing through a fixed linear
resistance is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it, and also inversely
proportional to the resistance. This relationship between the Voltage, Current and
Resistance forms the bases of Ohms Law and is shown below.

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Contoh
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Hukum Kirchoff I
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Hukum Kirchoff II
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Resistor/Hambatan dalam Rangkaian Seri dan Pararel
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R
total
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ ..... R
n
etc.
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Contoh
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Hitung hambatan ekuivalen dari rangkaian di bawah
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Rangkaian Dasar
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Circuit - a circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an electrical current
flows.
Path - a line of connecting elements or sources with no elements or sources
included more than once.
Node - a node is a junction, connection or terminal within a circuit were two or
more circuit elements are connected or joined together giving a connection point
between two or more branches. A node is indicated by a dot.
Branch - a branch is a single or group of components such as resistors or a
source which are connected between two nodes.
Loop - a loop is a simple closed path in a circuit in which no circuit element or
node is encountered more than once.
Mesh - a mesh is a single open loop that does not have a closed path. No
components are inside a mesh.
Components are connected in series if they carry the same current.
Components are connected in parallel if the same voltage is across them.
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Rangkaian Dasar
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Hukum Kirchoff I dan II
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Contoh
Tentukan arus yang mengalir pada R
3
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Mesh Current Analysis / Loop Analysis
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Mesh Current Analysis
These equations can be solved quite quickly by using a single mesh impedance matrix Z.
Each element ON the principal diagonal will be "positive" and is the total impedance
of each mesh. Where as, each element OFF the principal diagonal will either be
"zero" or "negative" and represents the circuit element connecting all the appropriate
meshes. This then gives us a matrix of:




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Mesh Current Analysis
1. Label all the internal loops with circulating currents. (I
1
, I
2
, ...I
L
etc)

2. Write the [ L x 1 ] column matrix [ V ] giving the sum of all voltage sources in
each loop.

3. Write the [ L x L ] matrix, [ R ] for all the resistances in the circuit as follows;

R
11
= the total resistance in the first loop.
R
nn
= the total resistance in the Nth loop.
R
JK
= the resistance which directly joins loop J to Loop K.

4. Write the matrix or vector equation [V] = [R] x [I] where [I] is the list of
currents to be found.

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Hukum Ohm untuk AC
Ilustrasi untuk kasus dimana reaktasi induktif lebih dominan
dibandingkan dg reaktasi kapasitif
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Hubungan Euler
Fungsi trigonometri dapat dihubungkan dengan komplek eksponensial oleh Hubungan Euler
Dari hubungan di atas fungsi trigonometri dapat diekspresikan dlm bentuk eksponensial komplek
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Kombinasi Pararel dari Impedansi
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Respon Induktor Untuk Rangk. AC
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Respon Kapasitif Dlm Rangk. AC
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Respon Resistor Dlm Rangk. AC
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Diagram Phasor
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Impedansi Komplek Untuk RL dan RC
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Rangk. Serial RLC
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Resonansi dalam rangkaian RLC seri
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Daya sebagai fungsi frekuensi untuk rangkaian
RLC seri
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Arus dan daya pada keadaan resonansi
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Rangk. Pararel RLC
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Motor
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Generator
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Generator dan Motor
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Medan B dan Gaya F
B
Magnetik
Hasil Eksperiment Partikel yang bergerak dalam medan magnet:
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Medan Magnetik
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Gaya Magnetik
Satuan medan magnet
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Pergerakan Elektron Dalam Medan Magnetik
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Gaya Magnetik Pada Sebuah Kawat Konduktor
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Torka pd loop arus dalam medan magnet uniform
a
b
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IAxB = t
A= ab merupakan luas loop
Torka pada sebuah loop arus dalam medan magnetik uniform B
Momen dipole magnetik loop arus IA = (A.m
2
)
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Energi Potensial
xB = t
B U =
Energi potensial dari sistem dipol magnetik dalam medan megnetik tergantung pada orentasi dipol medan
megnetik
Torka momen magnetik dalam medan magnetik
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D`Arsonval Galvanometer
An end view of a DArsonval galvanometer. When the turns
of wire making up the coil carry a current, the magnetic
field created by the magnet exerts on the coil a torque that
turns it (along with its attached pointer) against the spring.
Show that the angle of deflection of the pointer is directly
proportional to the current in the coil.
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Gerak partikel bermuatan dalam medan magnetik
Kecepatan sudut
Periode
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Spektrometer massa
Untuk menentukan
Rasio m/q
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Cyclotron
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Efek Hall
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Hukum Biot-Savart
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Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
106
Medan Magnet Pada Kawat Berarus
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
107
Aturan Tangan Kanan Untuk Menentukan Arah Medan
Magnet
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
108
Medan Magnet Pada Loop Arus
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
109
Medan Magnet
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
110
Gaya Magnetik Diantara 2 Konduktor Pararel
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
111
Hukum Ampere
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
112
Hukum Ampere
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
113
Medan magnet yang dihasilkan kawat berarus
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
114
Medan magnet yang dihasilkan toroid berarus
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
115
Medan magnet yang dihasilkan lembaran arus
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
116
Medan Magnet Sebuah Solenoid
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
117
Fluk Magnetik
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
118
Hukum Gauss dalam Kemagnetan
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
119
Kemagnetan dalam materi
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
120
Induksi Elektromagnetik
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
121
Eksperiment Faraday
Hukum Faraday: Induksi
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
122
Hukum Faraday
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
123
Aplikasi Hukum Faraday
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
124
Electromotive Force (emf)
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
125
Induksi emf dalam sebuah konduktor bergerak
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
126
Hukum Lenz
Arus induksi dalam suatu loop akan muncul di dalam arah yang sedemikian rupa sehingga arah tersebut
menentang perubahan yang menghasilkannya
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
127
Hukum Faraday
W. Widanarto
Fisika Dasar II W. Widanarto
128
Gelombang EM