Welcome To my Seminar

Topic Entitled

Fiber Optics
Presented By:
Banojini Nayak Regd. No : 0701205015 ETC, B.I.E.T., Bhadrak.

Submitted To

The Department of ETC

Under the able Guidance of Respected Er.S.K. Gaan & Prof. S.K. Mohanty

CONTENTS

Introduction. History. Applications. Principle of Operations. Manufacturing. Advantages. Disadvantages Economic Evaluation. Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communication, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss, and they are immune to electromagnetic interference.

HISTORY

The first fiber optic semi-flexible gastroscope was patented by Basil Hirschowitz, C. Wilbur Peters, and Lawrence E. Curtiss, researchers at the University of Michigan, in 1956. In the process of developing the gastroscope, Curtiss produced the first glass-clad fibers; previous optical fibers had relied on air or impractical oils and waxes as the low-index cladding material.

APPLICATIONS

Optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. It is especially advantageous for long-distance communications, because light propagates through the fiber with little attenuation compared to electrical cables. Fiber is also immune to electrical interference, which prevents cross-talk between signals in different cables and pickup of environmental noise.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide that transmits light along its axis, by the process of total internal reflection. The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a cladding layer. To confine the optical signal in the core, the refractive index of the core must be greater than that of the cladding.

Multimode fiber Fiber with large (greater than 10 m) core diameter may be analyzed by geometric optics. Such fiber is called multimode fiber In a step-index multimode fiber, rays of light are guided along the fiber core by total internal reflection.

Singlemode fiber As an optical waveguide, the fiber supports one or more confined transverse modes by which light can propagate along the fiber. Fiber supporting only one mode is called single-mode or mono-mode fiber. The behavior of larger-core multimode fiber can also be modeled using the wave equation, which shows that such fiber supports more than one mode of propagation

MANUFACTURING
Materials Glass optical fibers are almost always made from silica, but some other materials, such as fluorozirconate, fluoroaluminate, and chalcogenide glasses, are used for longer-wavelength infrared applications. Process Standard optical fibers are made by first constructing a large-diameter preform, with a carefully controlled refractive index profile, and then pulling the preform to form the long, thin optical fiber. The preform is commonly made by three chemical vapor deposition methods: inside vapor deposition, outside vapor deposition, and vapor axial deposition

ADVANTAGES

Data Security
Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference Eliminating Spark Hazards

Non Conductive Cables Ease Of Installation High Bandwidth Over Long Distances

DISADVANTAGES

System Reconfiguration Limitations in Local Area Networks Economic Evaluation System Reconfiguration Converting existing hardware and software for the use of fiber optics does take a lot of time and money which also reduces the turnover for any profit making firm in the market.

ECONOMIC EVALUATION

The major practical problem with fiber optics is that it usually costs more than ordinary wires. All costs elements involved in economic evaluation can be grouped into two main classes; which are investment costs and operation costs. The investment costs usually includes expenditures related to acquiring and owning properties and plants, in this case changing wires to fiber optic cables.

CONCLUSION

Fiber optic transmission has found a vast array of applications in computer systems. Some design considerations depend largely on the application. For certain terminal to terminal application, crucial factors including maximizing transmission speed and distance and minimizing fiber and splice loss. There are a number of essential points about fiber optics that have been mentioned throughout this report. As we move towards a more sophisticated and modern future, the uses of fiber optics are going to grow in all computer systems as well as telecommunication networks.

Thank You

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