CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Circulatory system is the transport system

supplies O2 and substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to the tissues, returns CO2 to the lungs and other products of metabolism to the kidneys, Distributes hormones and other agents that regulate cell function. ------------- Carrier: BLOOD Functions in the regulation of body temperature

 major (systemic) circulation

From the left ventricle, blood is pumped through the arteries and arterioles to the capillaries, where it equilibrates with the interstitial fluid. The capillaries drain through venules into the veins and back to the right atrium.

lesser (pulmonary) circulation

From the right atrium, blood flows to the right ventricle, which pumps it through the vessels of the lungs In the pulmonary capillaries, the blood equilibrates with the O2 and CO2 in the alveolar air.

Mammalian Heart

The Heart

/tricuspid valve

/mitral valve

Origin of the Heartbeat

The heartbeat originates in a specialized cardiac conduction system and spreads via this system to all parts of the myocardium
systole: rhythmic contraction of atrial (atrial systole) & ventricular ( ventricular systole)
driven be action potential (AP) initiated in the pacemaker region of the heart

diastole: relaxation of all four chambers

Conduction System
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
located at the junction of the superior vena cava with the right atrium

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

located in the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum

Bundle of His Purkinje system

There are three bundles of atrial fibers that contain Purkinje type fibers and connect the SA node to the AV node

 SA node: discharges most rapidly, depolarization spreading from it to the other regions before they discharge spontaneously
Cardiac natural pacemaker determining the rate at which the heart beats

AV node is normally the only conducting pathway between the atria and ventricles Bundle of His
left bundle branch: at the top of the interventricular septum divides into an anterior fascicle and a posterior fascicle. right bundle branch

Principle of ECG formation

Electrical responses of cardiac muscle

Myocardial fibers have a resting membrane potential of approximately 90 mV The transmembrane action potential of single cardiac muscle cells is characterized by
1. Rapid depolarization Na+ influx through rapidly opening Na+ channels 2. A plateau Ca2+ influx through more slowly opening Ca2+channels 3. A slow repolarization process net K+ efflux through multiple types of K+ channels

Phases of the action potential of a cardiac muscle fiber:

0. Depolarization 1. Initial rapid depolarization 2. Plateau phase 3. Late rapid repolarization 4. Baseline

Cardiac Action Potentials

Measured in an electrocardiogram (ECG)
atrial depolarization (P) ventricle depolarization (QRS complex) ventricle repolarization (T)

Electrocardiogram
Normal Adult Acute Myocardial Infarction

Action potentials and contractile response of mammalian cardiac muscle fiber

 Depolarization process triggers a wave of contraction that spreads through the myocardium. In single muscle fibers, contraction starts just after depolarization and lasts until about 50 ms after repolarization is completed Atrial systole starts after the P wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) Ventricular systole starts near the end of the R wave and ends just after the T wave.

Classification of blood pressure

Category
Hypotension
Normal Prehypertension Stage 1 Hypertension Stage 2 Hypertension Hypertensive Crisis

Systolic, mmHg
< 90
90119 120139 140159 160179 180

Diastolic mmHg
< 60
6079 8089 9099 100109 110