High frequency radio (commonly known as short wave radio) is a means of communication in which a radio wave signal is transmitted

from one point to the ionosphere, where it is reflected back down to another point on earth.

The term "high frequency" refers to the number of radio waves transmitted per second, and simply serves to distinguish this type of system from those which transmit at higher or lower frequencies.
Consists of three basic components, the transmitter/receiver unit (commonly called the transceiver), the antenna and the power source.

For many years, HF radio was the major form of communication in the Arctic and was considered appropriate for the North because it was a suitable and economic form of long distance communication. Also, HF radio does not permit privacy of conversation. Anyone within range and access to the same frequency may listen to the communication. HF can be used for communication over great distances and between points separated by geographic barriers, such as mountains.

Upper part of atmosphere. About 50-500 km above earths surface. Radiation from the sun produce free electron (ve charged). The molecules that lose electron (+ve charged). The free electron and ions cause HF radiation that moving upward to bend toward the effect. The higher the amount of free electron, more HF radiation is bent toward the surface.

Ground Wave

-Emitted waves follow the circumference of the Earths surface. -Use for : * VLF (submarine b/cast) * LF * MF (radio beacon, coastal comm) * HF (provide gap-less cover for tactical circuit

Direct Wave
-Emitted waves travel in straight line. -Used for : * VHF/UHF : short range ship-ship, port comm. * EHF/SHF : satellite comm.

Sky wave
-Emitted waves leaves the transmitting aerial at a greater angle than horizontal and travel upwards until encountering the ionsphere and back to the Earth. -Used for : * HF : long distance comm, broadcast, ship-shore, fix services.

Long range : the lower the frequency, the longer the wavelength, the further signal can penetrate thruogh solid object or a liquid. Minimal insfrastructure requirement. Full mobility. Introperability. Low cost. Security of communication.

Propagation has strong diurnal variation/effect Easy target for detection. Transmitting antenna must be large. Limited information can be sent.

Reduce the power and used it wisely depend on distance. Development of electronic device. Study of computer and IT. Set up the automatic electronic operator that capable for skywave.