Imthiyaz Ali

.A
RFPRESENTS
OPTIMIZER

100’S OF
TELECOM…
DO U KNOW 1 THING ????
1.In 1876,Alexender graham bell invented telephone.
2.The original name of telephone was Harmonic
telegraph.
3.In 1887, Heinrich Rudolf hertz (Germany) discovered
radio waves.
4.Gulielmo marconi is the father of wireless technology.
5.In 1901,marconi send the first wireless signal.
6.In 1934,Alec Reeves invented PCM-method to convert
analog signal to digital signal.
7.In 1964,Roger Easton invented GPS.
8.Alexander graham bell originally wanted the greeting
9.Don green is nicknamed the “Father of telecom valley”
10.In 1969,Don green founded Digital telephone
system(DTS),in Novato(california).
11.President Ruther ford B.Hayes(1877-1881) was first to have
phone service.
12.In august 4,1922 Alexander graham bell died.
13.When Alexander graham bell was died millions of phones in
USA and Canada served by Bell company were shutdown for
one minute in Bell’s honor.
14.George Antheil and Hedy Lamarr(1914-2000)are the
inventor and composer of Frequency Hopping.
15.First cell phone weighed 21bs.
16.Alfred J.gross(Feb 2,1918-Dec21,2000)was a pioneer in
mobile wireless communication.
17.In 1963,the first geo-stationery satellite was launched for
supporting global communications.
18.In 1900,first coin telephone was installed.
19.In 1914,the first coast to coast phone line was established.
20.The dial tone of telephone is in the musical key of F.
21.In 1968,first 911 system was introduced in the united states.
22.Canadian National(CN)tower,toronto(1975),was the tallest
telecommunication tower of ht 553m.
23.The British telecom communication tower in London's west
end was the first purpose built tower to transmit high frequency
radio waves.
24.In august 1995,GSM entered India.
25.In 1989-The telecom commission was constituted.
26.In January 1997-TRAI was formed.
27.In July 31,1995 west Bengal chief minister(B.K Modi group) made
India's first cellular phone call.
28.In 1947,the cells for mobile phone base station was introduced by
Bell labs engineers at AT&T.
29.In 1946,first commercial mobile phone were installed in st.Louis.
30.In 1st October 2000,the BSNL department was created as a public
sector.
31.In 1973,first mobile phone call was made" Hi Joel guess where I'm
calling from”.
32.Dr.Martin cooper, is consider the inventor of the first modern
portable handset.
33.On July 1,1991,Finnish prime minister Harri holkeri made the
world’s first GSM call.
34.The telephone is the most profitable invention in US history.
35.The annual revenue for the telephone industry is $210 billion,
almost 8 times that of television and 23 times the revenue of radio.
36.Globally, about $1 trillion is spent annually on telecommunication
products and services.
37.The busiest organization in the world is pentagon which has 34,500
lines and gets 1million calls a day.
38.The busiest telephone exchange was by Bellsouth at the Olympic
games, where 100 billion bits of information are transmitted per
second.
39.The longest phone cable is a submarine cable called FLAG, it
spans 16,800 miles from Japan to the united kingdom and can carry
600,000 calls at a time.
40.In April 1950,the number of telephone exchanges absorbed from
princely states was 196.
41.Military radios use cryptographic techniques to generate the channel
sequence under the control of secret transmission key(TRANSE)that the
sender and receiver share.
42.One million threads of fiber optic cable can fit in a tube ½’ diameter.
43.It is possible to carry more than 28 million separate and simultaneous
phone conversation on just one optical fiber.
44.In 1966,an experimental optical fiber system had an information
carrying capacity of about 200TV channels(more than 200,000 telephone
calls).
45.Fiber optic connections are essentially “Data super highways", in that
they can carry 10’s of millions of bits of data per second.
46.The core center of an optical fiber, the part that actually carries the
communication signals, is half a thick as an human hair.
47.The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2
watts in GSM 850/900 and 1watt in GSM 1800/1900.
48.GSM uses several cryptographic algorithm for security.
49.The A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over the
air voice privacy.
50.KI-The crypto variable stored on the SIM card that is the key to
any GSM ciphering algorithm is never send over air interface.
51When audio devices are near field of the GSM handset, the radio
signals is strong enough that the solid state amplifier in the audio
chain functions as a detector(crack noise), this can be eliminated by
using a by pass capacitor in the audio devices.
52.The voltage applied to the telephone is related to the distance at
which the telephone can be operated.
53.Due to electrolysis the positive voltage on copper wire makes
copper to age quickly. the reason for electing -48v in reference to
ground is to avoid the nasty galvanic effects in telephone cabling.
54.Ki-the ki is the 128 bit individual authentication key.
55.The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian Minimum shift
keying(GMSK)-a kind of continuous phase frequency shift keying.
56.Global system for mobile communication(GSM) was developed by
European telecommunication standard institute(ETSI).
57.The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use
is 35km or 22 miles.
58.Out of world population of 6.32 billion people, approximately 1.12
billion, or 1 in 6,have a mobile phone and 71.6% are GSM customers.
59.About 2 billion people in the world have yet to make a phone call.
60.In slow frequency hopping -217 hopes per second.
61.The overall bandwidth required for frequency hopping is much
wider than that required to transmit the same information using only
one carrier frequency.
62.GSM modulation speed 270.833 kb/s.
63.Adaptive mean ratio:
Full rate- 13.6kbps
Half rate- 4.6kbps/9.2kbps
64.In RF planning Raleigh fading is taken in account by
implementing an extra fade margin of 8db.
65.If the reflected wave is 180 out of phase to that of the direct path,
the signal may disappear.
66.Doppler shift affects multiple propagation loss it can be limited
by using a adaptive equalized in receiver.
67.Using jakes graphs we can calculate appropriate fade margin.
68.FH gain with @ 2% of FER.
69.Only when SABM and UA is seen in Layer 2 message handover
is said to be success.
70.Cell coverage area:
omni cell-2.6R*R
Sector cell-1.96R*R.
71.PBGT handover – most healthy handover in network.
72.Total system quality gets reduced with high mobile speed > 30km/h.
73.Hopping over 8 frequencies provide -3db improvement.
74.MAIO offset avoid co-channel and adjacent channel collision
between cells inside the site.
75.MAIO step avoid adjacent channel collision between the TRX in side
the cell.
76.Handover margin:
power budget handover - 4-6db.
level handover-3db.
quality handover-0db.
77.Physical channels:
GSM900-992 channels.
GSM1800-374channels.
GSM1900-299channels.
78.KPI-key performance indicators, has a benchmark of
accessability,retainability,mobility,integrity.
79.Frame erasure rate(FER),is the right measure of voice quality.
80.Maximum 63 bit times can be used in GSM.
81.A minimum of 156.25 bits can be transmitted in each time slot.
82.MS uplink HSN is same as the TRX downlink HSN but offset by 45
83.DTX is achieved by use of a Voice activation device(VAD)
incorporated in to the MS handset, when no speech is detected the
speech rate is reduced from 13kbps to 500bps.
84.Adaptive power control is compulsory in MS but optional in BTS.
85.There are 32 power level separated by 2dbm,one 2db step change
every 60ms.
86.A transcoder sub multiplexer(TCSM)can change bit rate of 64kbps to
16kbps.
87.Number of carriers:DCS1800-374carriers.
GSM900-124carriers.
88.System information are sent at least after every 1.8sec.
89.Three satellite can cover the entire earth,e.g-
Intelsat,Symphonie,Molniya.
90.Communication satellite has a life of 7-10 years.
91.There is a roundtrip satellite transmission delay of 500 milli sec in the
IP cloud.
92.Maximum vehicle speed (Vm)-250km/h.
93.A BSC can control up to 40 BTS.
94.Maximum of 24 Twin TRX can be adopted for a base station cabinet.
95.India has more than 1,50,000 route km of microwave system
deployed in the country.
96.RF has also caused leukemia in children,headache,neurological
changes, loss of memory, increased blood pressure, and damage to eye
cell.
97.In 2005,the Pakistan nuclear regulatory authority(PNRA) has
informed that the radio frequency fields are Non-ionizing and dose not
cause significant stochastic.
98.Airtel controls 21.4% subscriber base followed by Reliance with
20.3%, BSNL with 18.6%, Vodafone with 14.7% subscriber base (as per
June 2005 data).
99.GSM subscriber figure till Jan 2009:
Bharti Airtel -88382758,33.04%
Vodafone Essar- 63340024,23.68%
BSNL -42673357,15.95%
IDEA -40016153,14.96%
Aircel -16761397,6.27%
Reliance Telecom -10353841,3.87%
MTNL -4003807,1.50%
BPL -2007303,0.75%
All India- 267538640
100. - In time… All
time…
TO BE
CONTINUED…..
(imthiyazece@sify.c
om)