A PRESENTATION ON SYSTEM AND CONTINGENCY APPROACH FOR UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATION

Presented by:
Amarjeet kaur Arti kumari Shakti Singh

SYSTEM APPROACH
Systems theory is a transdisciplinary approach that abstracts and considers a system as a set of independent and interacting parts. The main goal is to study the general principles of systems functioning, so that they can be applied to all types of systems, and in all fields of research

Features of System Approach

A system is basically a combination of parts, subsystems. Each part may have various subparts. A hierarchy of system and subsystems can be arranged. Parts and sub-parts of a system are mutually related to each other, some more, some less; some directly, some indirectly. In the case of the physical system, this boundary is quite visible and, therefore, the system can be identified easily but in social system, the boundary is not visible.

Classification of system approach

Open system

Closed system

Open and closed system

1.

2.

3.

4.

Open system are those that interact with their environment, they have systems with which they relate, exchange and communicate. Open system are dynamic and flexible as they are subject to change by environmental forces. It affected by environmental factors and they have to be adjusted according to environment. It has feedback mechanism that helps them to maintain homoeostatic a kind of equilibrium.

1.

Closed system are those that have no interaction with environment, no outside system impinges on them.

2.

Closed system are rigid and static in nature.

3.

It generally mechanical. for e.g.; an automatic watch. therefore , once they are set, they work.

4.

There is no such feedback mechanism.

Limitation of system approach

1.

Abstract approach Lack of university

2.

Contingency or Situational Approach

The basic idea of contingency approach is that there cannot be a particular management action which will be suitable for all situations. Some researches distinguish between contingency and situational approaches by suggesting that situational management implies that what a manager does depends on a given situation. It suggests an active interrelationship between the variables in a situation and the managerial actions devised.

Features of Contingency approach

Management action is contingent Organizational action should be based on the behaviour. Managerial action must be design.

Limitations of contingency approach

Inadequate literature Complex Difficult Empirical Testing Reactive not proactive

Relation between system and contingency approach

Model of human being. Organizational variables.

Difference between system and contingency approach

Organization relationship not explained clearly. Each organization to be similar. General view of organization. Complex and vague.

Organization relationship must be explained clearly. Each organization to be unique. Specific view of organization. More pragmatic and action oriented.

THANK YOU