Solid Waste Managment

Dr. Rajesh Roshan Dash Assistant Professor

What is Waste?
Waste is the by product of human activity which has lack of value or use.

Classification of Waste

On the basis of Physical State Solid Waste Liquid Waste Gaseous Waste According to Original Use Food Waste Packaging Waste etc.

Waste is the by product of human activity which has lack of value or use.

Solid Waste
It refers to a waste which is solid or semi solid or which has insufficient moisture content to be free flowing. The main characteristics of solid waste is that it remains visible in the environment. Solid wastes are stored and transported through societies and are major threat to adversely affect the environment.

Different Classifications of solid waste

Material
Glass Paper etc. Physical Properties Compostable Combustable Recyclable Sources Domestic Commercial Industrial Safety Level Hazardous Nonhazardous
The classification on the basis of source is widely adopted and is used.

CITY - WISE DISTRIBUTION OF MSW GENERATION

Chart Title

< 50 No of Cities 250-500 , 150-250 , 36, 12%

50 -150 500 - No 1000 of Cities , < 50, 26, 9%

150-250 >1000

Noof ofCities Cities No , 500 - of Cities No , 250-500, 1000, 19, , >1000, 17, 25, 8% 6% 6%

No of Cities , 50 -150, 176, 59%

TPD < 50 50 -150 150-250 250-500 500 - 1000 >1000

Cities 26 176 36 25 19 17

Sources of Solid Wastes

Residential Waste: Garbage including food waste, paper, crockery and ashes from fires, furniture. Commercial Waste: Similar to residential wastes produced from offices, shops, restaurants etc. Institutional Waste: Similar to residential wastes plus hazardous, explosive, pathological and other wastes which are institution specific (hospital, research institute etc.) Industrial Waste: Wastes generated by various industries. Construction and Demolition Waste: Bricks, brick bats, concrete, asphaltic material, pipes etc.

 Agricultural Waste : Waste arising from agricultural practice. Treatment Plant Waste: Solids from grit chambers, sedimentation tank, sludge digesters of waste water treatment plant. Mining Waste: Mainly inert material from mineral extracting industries. Energy Production Waste: Waste from energy production units including ash from coal burning. Dredging Waste: Organic and mineral wastes from dredging operations.

Municipal Solid Wastes

What is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ?
The MSW refers to all wastes collected by local authority or municipality and is the most diverse category of waste. MSW comprises all wastes except agricultural, mining, energy production and dredging wastes

Municipal Solid Waste : 40 million tonnes/yr Municipal Liquid Waste : 5000 million cubic m/yr In addition large quantities of solid & liquid waste generated in industrial sector (Waste is Increasing due to fast growing population, urbanization & industrialization)

Municipal solid waste

Components of MSW :
Mixed household waste Recyclables Household hazardous waste Commercial waste Yard waste Litter and waste from community trash cans Bulky items (refrigerators , rugs , etc. ) Construction and demolition waste

Waste Quantities
Quantity of solid waste generated (million tons per year) (1991) Country UK USA INDIA Agricult ural 260 Mining 240 1400 700-900 C&D 35 31.5 7.2 Sewage sludge 27 8.4 Energy Production 13 63 60 Industry 62 430 MSW 110 133 24

Quantities of MSW generated in different countries Country Kg/person/day

Quantities of MSW generated in some Indian Cities (1991) City Tons/day

India
Srilanka Singapore UK Japan

0.25 to0.33
0.40 0.85 0.95 to 1.0 1.12

Mumbai
Kolkatta Delhi Chennai

5000
3500 4600 3500

USA

1.25 to 2.25

Major Constituents of MSW Generated in UK, USA and India Constituent UK(1992) USA(1990) India(1990)

Paper
Plastic Metals Glass Inert Material Compostable Matter Others

35
11 8 9 19 18

40
8 8.5 7 25 11.5

5
1 1 0.5 39 37.5 16

Projected Municipal, Energy and Mine Waste Generation in India (Million Tons/year) Year 1980 1990 2000 2010 MSW 24 39 56 Energy Waste (ash) 46 92 113 Mine waste 430 830 1220 -

Characteristics of Solid Waste

Solid waste generated by a society may be inert, biologically active or chemically active. Agricultural waste is primarily biologically active. It is generated in large quantities and remains uniformly dispersed on land surface area. Industrial wastes are generated in industrial area and are highly industry specific. They usually comprise of chemicals and allied products, rubber, plastic, metals, petroleum and coal products etc. Mining waste is primarily inert and is also generated in large volumes. However it accumulates continuously at mining sites. MSW is generated at densely populated urban centers and are most heterogeneous.
The predominant constituents of MSW are paper, food, wastes, plastics, glass , metals and inert material. In developing country like india, 40% waste is compostable, 40% inert material where as in developed countries, paper forms a major part of MSW followed by compostable matter. The inert material content is low.

Fundamental objectives of solid waste management. To minimize the waste. To manage the waste still produced.

Various Activities Associated with Solid Waste

Waste Generation Processing at Source Collection Processing/Separation at a Central Facility Recycling/Recovery Transportation and final disposal on land

Hierarchy of an integrated solid waste management for all types of waste generated: Waste Reduction at Source Resource Recovery Through Separation and Recycling Resource Recovery Through Waste Processing Waste Transformation Waste Disposal on Land

Waste Reduction at Source

Source reduction is the most effective way to minimize waste. Waste reduction may occur through proper design, manufacture and packing of products with minimum toxicity, minimum volume of material and longer useful life.

Resource Recovery Through Separation and Recycling

Recycling involves Separation of waste materials Preparation of separated fractions for reuse Reprocessing and remanufacturing Reuse of prepared material

Materials in MSW which can be separated and recycled

Paper Glass Plastic Ferrous metals Aluminium cans

Recycling is a good process as it reduces the volume of waste to be disposed off on land.

Resource Recovery Through Waste Processing

Waste processing involves the physical, chemical or biological alterations of wastes to recover products for reuse. The various techniques used for this are

Biological Treatment Composting Anaerobic digestion/ Biogasification

 Thermal Treatment Incineration Refuse Derived Fuel Burning Physical Treatment Making building blocks/bricks from inert waste Chemical Treatment To recover compounds such as glucose, synthetic oil and cellulose acetate etc.

Waste Transformation
After recovery of various resources from a waste, the residual material may be subjected to a variety of processes to reduce the volume of waste requiring disposal. Treatment process may involve

 Shredding Size separation (screening) Volume Reduction by thermal treatment or compaction Encapsulation (to reduce toxicity) These processes help in reducing the final land areas required for waste disposal

Reduce
Reuse Recycle Incinerate (with energy Recovery Landfill Open Dumping Open Burning

Most Preferred

We are still here

Least Preferred

Waste Disposal on Land

Despite all efforts to minimize waste, the following requirement for storage/disposal of the following types of waste will continue to remain. The solid waste that cannot be recycled. The residual waste after all types of processing has been undertaken.

Available Options
Disposal on the earths surface. Disposal deep below the earths surface. Disposal at the Ocean bottom.
Among all the above three options, Option 1 is the least desirable but it will remain the best practical option for the foreseeable future.

Waste Interaction with Hydrologic Cycle

When waste is stored on land, it becomes the part of the hydrological cycle. During infiltration of water through waste as well as during runoff of water from the surface of waste, numerous contaminants are removed from the waste to the adjacent areas as well as the strata below the waste by the action of the percolating water. This action of water along with the action of wind as well as reactions occurring with in the waste can have significant impact on the adjacent environment.

To minimize the impact of waste on the environment, final disposal is done in Engineered Landfills which offer an environmentally sustainable methodology for disposing waste on land.

Impact on Environment
The potential impacting agents are: Solids in the waste Liquids in the pore space of the waste Gases emanating in the pore space of the waste Noise of the waste dumping vehicles Fine particles in the waste capable of wind erosion and water erosion Light weight litter capable of being wind blown

The pathways of potential impact are: Precipitation Infiltration Seepage Evaporation Surface runoff Prevailing wind Ground water flow Rivers and storm water drains Rodents and pests Vegetative growth on waste dumps

The impact of waste dump on the environment

The receptor impact are:

People Animals Vegetation

of

the

potential

Adjoining areas

The Built Habitat Protected wood lands

Waste Containment
The impact of a waste dump on the environment can be minimized by isolating at the source or by eliminating the pathway. This can be achieved through containment of the waste dump as shown in the adjoining figure.

Engineered Landfills
The term landfill is used to describe a facility used for the disposal of solid waste on the surface of the earth. The term engineered landfill is used to donate a landfill designed and operated to minimise environmental impact.

The components of the engineered landfill are: A liner system at the base and sides of the landfill which prevents migration of leachate or gas to the surrounding soil. A leachate collection facility which collects and extracts leachate from within and from the base of the landfill and then treats the leachate.

A gas control facility which collects and extracts gas from within and from the top of the landfill and then treats it or uses it for energy recovery.
A final cover system which enhances surface drainage and intercept infiltrating water and supports surface vegetation. The final cover system comprises of multiple layers of soils and geomembrane materials.

A surface water drainage system which collects and removes all surface runoff from the landfill site.
An environmental monitoring system which periodically collects and analyses air, surface water, soil-gas and ground water samples around the landfill site.

A closure and post closure plan which lists the steps that must be taken to close and secure a landfill site once the filling operation has been completed and the activities for long term monitoring and maintenance of the completed landfill ( 30 to 50 Years).

Landfill liner comprise of Compacted clays Geomembranes Geosynthetic clay liner Combinations

Leachate collection systems comprise of a leachate drainage network and leachate removal facility. Drainage networks comprise of coarse grained soils, perforated pipes or geotextile drainage layers. Drainage removal facility comprises of a system of sumps, wells and pumps. Leachate drainage and removal facilities are designed after estimating the quantity of leachate on the basis of a water balance for the landfill.