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Protocols
Customer premises equipment (CPE) equipment owned by the subscriber and located on the subscribers premises. Demarcation point the spot where the service providers responsibility ends and the CPE begins.
Local loop connects the demarc to the closet switching office, called a central office. Central office (CO) connects the customers to the providers switching network. Sometimes referred to as a point of presence (POP). Toll network a trunk line inside a WAN providers network. This network is a collection of switches and facilities owned by the ISP.
Leased line a pre-established WAN communications path from the CPE, through the DCE switch, to the CPE of the remote site, allowing DTE networks to communicate at any time with no setup procedures before transmitting data. Circuit switching uses dial-up modems or ISDN and is used for low-bandwidth data transfers. Think phone call.
Frame Relay ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network LAPB Link Access Procedure, Balanced HDLC High-Level Data-Link Control PPP Point-to-Point Protocol ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Serial Transmission
(Lammle, p.482) Cisco serial connections support almost any type of WAN service. Typical WAN connections are dedicated leased lines using HDLC, PPP, ISDN, and Frame Relay. Typical speeds run anywhere from 2400 bps to 45 Mbps (T3). HDLC, PPP, and Frame Relay can use the same Physical layer specifications, but ISDN has different pinouts and specifications at the Physical layer.
Serial Transmission
(Lammle, p. 482)
WAN serial connectors use serial transmission, which takes place one bit at a time over a single channel. Cisco routers use a proprietary 60-pin serial connector that you must get from Cisco or a provider of Cisco equipment. Serial links are described in frequency or cycles-per-second (hertz). The amount of data that can be carried within these frequencies is called bandwidth. Bandwidth is the amount of data in bits-per-second that the serial channel can carry.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a Data Link layer protocol that can be used over either asynchronous serial (dial-up) or synchronous serial (ISDN) media. It uses the LCP (Link Control Protocol) to build and maintain data-link connections. The basic purpose of PPP is to transport layer 3 packets across a Data Link layer point-to-point link.
PPP
For more in depth PPP information see Lammle, Ch. 11, p. 485-487 Wendell Odom, INTRO, Ch. 4, p. 92 95
Also, ICND, Ch. 9, p. 311 - 313
Frame Relay
For more information refer to:
Todd Lammle, Ch. 11, p.489 503 Wendell Odom (Cisco Press)
ICND, Ch. 11, p.376 413 INTRO, Ch. 4, p.96 - 100
Small office and home office sites can be economically supported with ISDN BRI services. ISDN can be used as a backup service for a leased-line connection between the remote and central offices. Modem racking and cabling can be eliminated by integration of digital modem cards on Cisco IOS Network Access Server (NAS).
ISDN Connections
(Lammle, p. 504)
ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) is two B (Bearer) channels of 64k each, and one D (Data) channel of 16k for signaling. Primary Rate Interface (PRI) provides T-1 speeds (1.544 Mbps) but according to Lammle, its not on the CCNA exam.
ISDN BRI service, also known as 2B+D, provides two B channels and one D channel. The BRI B-channel service operates at 64kps and carries data, while the BRI Dchannel service operates at 16Kbps and usually carries control and signaling information. Total bandwidth for ISDN BRI is then 144Kbps (64 + 64 + 16 = 144).
BRI (cont.)
(Lammle, p.508)
The D-channel signaling protocols (Q.921 and Q.931) span the OSI reference models Physical, Data Link, and Network layers. The D channel carries signaling information to set up and control calls.
Used to allow two or more Cisco routers to dial an ISDN dial-up connection on an asneeded basis. DDR is only used for low-volume, periodic network connections using either Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) or ISDN connection. Designed to reduce WAN costs if youre billed on a per-minute or per-packet basis.