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Capacitance Multiplier

Oscillators

How do we produce ac? One way is using oscillators, which are circuits that convert dc to ac.

Three common types of sine wave oscillators are phase-shift, twin T , and Wien-bridge oscillators

Barkhausen criteria:
The overall gain of the oscillator must be unity or greater. Therefore, losses must be compensated for by an amplifying device.
The overall phase shift (from input to output and back to the input) must be zero.

Wien-bridge oscillator
For generating sinusoids in the frequency range below1 MHz

Wien-bridge oscillator

V2 must be in phase with Vo,

Wien-bridge oscillator

In order to satisfy the first Barkhausen criterion, the op amp must compensate by providing a gain of 3 or greater so that the overall gain is at least 1 or unity.

Assignment I - 1

Assignment I - 2

Assignment I - 3

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