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CONCRETE PROPORTION
1:2:4
cement fine aggregate coarse aggregate
BLEEDING
water from the concrete comes out to the surface of the concrete
SEGREGATION
What is segregation?
Defined as the separation of the constituent materials of concrete. A good concrete = all the ingredients are properly distributed to make a homogeneous mixture. Segregation occurs because concrete contains aggregates of different particle sizes and specific gravities. When placed in a bucket, the denser particles tend to settle to the bottom and the water rises to the top.
Segregation may formed in 3 types; 1. Coarse aggregate separating out or settling down from the rest of the matrix. 2. Paste separating away from coarse aggregate. 3. Water separating out from the rest of the material being a material of lowest specific gravity.
Segregation will causes honeycomb concrete or rock pockets. It also produced concrete with bad surface and lower in strength.
Denser particle
Heavy particle
Badly proportioned mix where sufficient matrix is not there to bind and contain the aggregates
Conveyance of concrete by conveyor belts, wheel barrow, long distance haul by dumper, long lift by skip and hoist are the other situations promoting segregation of concrete
When concrete is discharged from a badly designed mixer, or from a mixer with worn out blades
Dropping of concrete from heights as in the case of placing concrete in column concreting (>1.5m height)
CONCRETE BLEEDING
What is concrete bleeding?
The water from the concrete comes out to the surface of the concrete, being of the lowest specific gravity among all the ingredients of concrete.
Sometimes, along with this water, certain quantity of cement also comes to the surface known as Laitance.
This laitance formed on roads produces dust in summer and mud in rainy season, while on slabs will cause scaling.
Bleeding is predominantly observed in a highly wet mix, badly proportioned and insufficiently mixed concrete. It tends to occur on thin members like roof slab or road slabs. The top surface of slabs and pavements will not have good wearing quality.
How it happened?
Water while traversing from bottom to top, makes continuous channels. If the water cement ratio used is more than 0.7, the bleeding channels will remain continuous and un segmented. These continuous bleeding channels are often responsible for causing permeability of the concrete structures. This accumulation of water creates water voids and reduces the bond between the aggregates and the paste.
Laitance caused scaling on top of concrete surface. Need to be brushed out before the final setting of the slabs.
Use of finely divided pozzolanic materials reduces bleeding by creating a longer path for the water to traverse.
Use of finer cement or cement with low alkali content. Rich mixes are less susceptible to bleeding than lean mixes.
Additional info;
The bleeding is not completely harmful if the rate of evaporation of water from the surface is equal to the rate of bleeding. Removal of water, after it had played its role in providing workability. Early bleeding when the concrete mass is fully plastic, may not cause much harm, because concrete being in a fully plastic condition at that stage, will get subsided and compacted. It is the delayed bleeding, when the concrete has lost its plasticity, which causes undue harm to the concrete. Controlled re vibration may be adopted to overcome the bad effect of bleeding.
Workability is often referred to as the ease which a concrete can be transported, placed and consolidated without excessive bleeding or segregation.
WATER-CEMENT RATIO
Definition; The ratio of weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mixture It has an important influence on the quality of concrete produced. A lower water-cement ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix more difficult to place. Suitable value of Water-cement Ratio is within 0.33 0.49.
Water-cement Ratio
= Concrete Strength
= Workability
Water-cement Ratio
= Concrete Strength
= Workability
Example; If 27 liters of water used to mix a bag of cement, determine the quantity of water-cement ratio of the mixture
Solution; 1 bag of cement = 50 kg Water-cement ratio = Quantity of Water Quantity of Cement = 27 liter 50 kg = 0.54
3 tests that commonly used to determine the workability of wet concrete are;
1. Slump Test
1. SLUMP TEST
Objectives;
Apparatus
Standard Slump Cone (100mm top diameter x 200mm diameter x 300mm high) Weighing Machine
Small scoop
Ruler
Method;
1.
2.
3.
The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light coat of oil. The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and nonabsorbent surface. The mould is then filled in three layers with freshly mixed concrete, each approximately to one-third of the height of the mould.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod (strokes are distributed evenly over the cross section). After the top layer is filled, the concrete is struck off to level with a trowel. The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly in the vertical direction. The difference in level between the height of the mould and of the highest point of the subsided concrete is measured. This difference of height in mm is the slump of the concrete.
TYPES OF SLUMP
True Slump
concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape
Shear Slump
top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideways
Collapse Slump
concrete collapses completely
RESULT
Slump class S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
LEVEL OF WORKABILITY
Level Very Low Low Normal High Too High Slump in mm 0 -10 10 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 180 180
VALUE OF SLUMP
The slump test is suitable for slumps of medium to high workability or slump in the range of 25 - 125 mm. Take several measurements and report the average distance to the top of the sample. If the sample fails by being outside the tolerance (ie the slump is too high or too low), another must be taken. If this also fails the remainder of the batch should be rejected.
To determine the consistency or workability of concrete and is conducted in the lab or on site. Nowadays, this test is commonly replaced by the Slump Test to determine the workability of the concrete.
Apparatus;
Weighing Machine
Hopper set
Method;
1.
Ensure the apparatus and associated equipment are clean before test and free from hardened concrete and superfluous water. Weigh the empty bottom cylinder, put it back on the stand. Gently fill the upper hopper with the sample of concrete to the level of the rim using scoop. Immediately open the trap door of the upper hopper and allow the sample to fall freely into the middle hopper.
2. 3.
4.
5.
Open the trap door of the middle hopper allowing the sampled concrete to fall into the bottom cylinder.
Remove the surplus concrete by struck it off to level with a trowel. Wipe clean the outside of cylinder of concrete and weigh. Weight of partially compacted concrete = weight of cylinder plus concrete weight of empty cylinder
6. 7. 8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Remove the concrete from the cylinder and refill with sampled concrete in layers. Compact each layer thoroughly with the standard compacting rod to achieve full compaction. Struck off the surplus concrete to top of cylinder and wipe it clean. Weigh the cylinder and subtract the weight of empty cylinder from the weight of cylinder plus concrete to obtain the weight of fully compacted concrete.
RESULT
Weight of partially compacted concrete = weight of cylinder plus freely fall concrete weight of empty cylinder Weight of fully compacted concrete = weight of cylinder plus tamped concrete weight of empty cylinder Compacting Factor Ratio = Weight of partially compacted concrete Weight of fully compacted concrete The standard ratio for normal concrete mixture is within 0.75 0.95.
To determine the consistency or workability of concrete and is conducted in the lab or on site. Nowadays, this test is commonly replaced by the Slump Test to determine the workability of the concrete.
Apparatus;
Vebe set
stopwatch
Method;
The freshly mixed concrete is packed into a similar cone to that used for the slump test. The cone stands within a special container on a platform, which is vibrated at a standard rate, after the cone has been lifted off the concrete. The time taken for the concrete to be compacted is measured. Vebe times range from 1 second for runny concrete to more than 12 seconds for stiff concrete. Unlike the slump test, the Vebe time test gives useful results for stiff concretes.
LEVEL OF WORKABILITY
Level Vebe time range (seconds) >12
Very Low
Low
Normal High
6 - 12
3-6 0-3