C

P
E

6
8
1

RASHIDI BIN MUHAMAD
MOHD FAHIMI AB RASHID
MOHD SAZALI BIN AHMAD
Simple particulate
collection device
The principle of
gravity to settle
the particulate
matter
In a gas stream
passing through
its long chamber
Gravitational
Settling
Specification
Gravitational
Settling
To remove large,
abrasive particulates
of size 50 m.
Usually velocity
through settling
0.5-2.5 m/s.
Size less 50 m-large
settling chamber and
long residence time.
Advantage Disadvantage Economic Durability Applicability Efficiency
Low pressure loss Much space
require
Low design
cost

Durable-no
moving
part
required

< 50 m not
practical

<50 % mass
basis
Simply design &
operation
Low collection
efficiency
Low
operating
cost

Large particle
are preferred
Low
efficiency
Low maintenance
Gravitational Settling
Settling properties. Stokes Law (for a particle falling in a fluid due to
gravity, frictional force balance gravity force settling velocity)




v
t
= terminal settling velocity, m/s
g = gravitational constant, m/s
2

p
= density of particle, kg/m
3

P
a
= density of air, kg/m
3
(approx. 1.2 kg/m
3
)
D
p
= diameter of particle, m
= viscosity of air, N.s/m
2
Applies for PM (0.1-100micron) when Re is less than one

18
) (
2
p a p
t
d g
v

=
Gravitational settling design chamber






H = height of settling chamber, m
V
h
=horizontal flow-through velocity, v/m
L =length of settling chamber, m

*Solving equation 2 for d
p
will give the largest particle
size that can be removed with 100% efficiency

18
) (
2
p a p
h
t
h
d g
L
H v
v
L
H v

=
=
2.
CYCLONE
Suitable for
coarse particle
Most common:
Reverse flow
High efficiency
design
- High recoveries
- Small inlet and outlet
orifices
High rate design
- Lower total efficiencies
- Lower resistance to flow,
hence higher gas
capacity
Fareed-Genevie-Elyzawerni
Advantage
o Low capital cost
o Ability to operate at high temperatures
o Low maintenance requirements

Disadvantage
o Low efficiencies
o High operating costs
o Limited to dry particles

Efficiency
o Efficiency is a function of the physical parameters of the application and
the design parameters of the cyclone. Cyclone efficiency increases with:
a) Coarse particle size distribution
b) A decrease in cyclone diameter.
c) Smaller outlet diameter. An increase in pressure drop also results.
Durability of cyclone
o Stable pressure drop for a given gas flow
o Constant efficiency for a given particulate condition
o No moving parts; no replaceable filters
o Ability to handle extremely high dust concentration
o High temperature capability

Economic Consideration
o Eliminating the need to replace expensive filters and expose maintenance
workers while doing so.
o A simple, short duct system makes for maximum efficiency.
o Operating costs increase with efficiency.

Industrial Application
o Cyclone Dust collector
Excellent choice for industrial process areas that have high levels of dust and
airborne irritants.
Efficiently clean the air in work areas to capture and remove the dust created
by your process.
Woodworking, Metalworking, Chemical processing, Paper scrap, Recycling




Cyclones
Magnitude of centrifugal force generated



F
c
= centrifugal force, N
M
p
= particulate mass, kg
V
i
= partical velocity ,m/s
R = radius of cyclone, m
Term v/R = centrifugal acceleration

* Refer handout for typical cyclone dimensions




R
v
M F
i
p c
2
=
Cyclones
Collection efficiency with respect to particle size. Reference particle
size is taken as the particle that will be removed with 50% efficiency
on a weight basis given by:






d
50
= diameter of particle collected with 50% efficiency
= gas viscosity, kg/m.s
b=width of cyclone inlet, m
N
e
=number of effective turns within the cyclone
V
i
=inlet gas velocity, m/s

p
= density of particulate matter, kg/m
3

1 . EQ
v N 2
b 9
d
2 / 1
p i e
50

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t

Example: Air stream with flow rate 7m
3
/s, passed through a cyclone of std
proportions. Diameter of the cyclone is 2.0m and air temperature is 77
o
C.
Given air viscosity 2.1x10
-5
kg/m.s
A)determine removal efficiency for a particle with density 1.5g/cm
3
&
diameter 10m.
B) determine collection efficiency based on above if a bank of 64 cyclones
with diameters of 24cm are used instead of single large unit?

Solution
a) Determine d
50
(for large cyclone)
b=D/4 =0.5m h= D/2=1.0m
Area inlet = b x h =0.5m
2

v
i
= Q/A = 14 m/s (take number of turns as ~5turns)
d
50
= 12m (use equation 1)
d/ d
50
= 10/12 = 0.83 (fr. Fig 9-3, efficiency is about 42%)
a) Determine d
50
for small cyclone
b = 0.06m, h=0.12m, A inlet= 7.2 x 10
-3
m
2
,
A for all inlets i.e 64 inlets = 0.45m
2

Inlet velocity = Q/A = 15 m/s
d
50
= 4m
d/ d
50
= 10/4 = 2.5 (fr. Fig 9-3, efficiency is about 88%)
WASTE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT IN
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

3. Wet cyclone scrubber

MUHD HAFIZ RAMLEY 2008299816
DICKY ZULKAINEY ABD AZIZ 2008403496
FARIS FAISAL CHE RAMELI 2008403584

Introduction
A wet cyclone scrubber is an air pollution control
device that removes PM from waste gas streams.
Wet cyclone scrubber is particularly useful in the
removal of PM with the following characteristics:
Sticky and/or hygroscopic materials
Combustible and corrosive materials
PM which are difficult to remove in their dry form
PM in the presence of soluble gases
PM in waste gas streams with high moisture content
Industrial applications : industrial boilers,
incinerators, metals processing, chemical
production, and fertilizer production.



How the system works
Gas inlet
Swirls around the
chamber
Liquid is sprayed
Liquid droplets
Gas outlet






Applicability - Remove dust particles
Efficiency is often directly proportional to the power
input.


Advantage Disadvantage
Small space requirements Corrosion problems
No secondary dust sources High power requirements
Handles high-temperature, high-
humidity gas streams
Water-disposal problems
Minimal fire and explosion hazards Difficult product recovery
4. Electrostatic
Separation Technologies
Waste and Environmental
Management in Petrochemical
Inductry
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
2012
Prepared by:
Afifah bt Dzulkifli 2008403564
Nor Suraya bt Mohd Kamilan 2008403488
Mohd Asyraf b Pahmi 2008403542

Lecturer: Dr Ahmad Rafizan
Introduction
A dry
separation
technology
Mainly used in
industrial waste
processing and
heavy mineral
separation
processing
Example :
Separate the
insulating
material& the
conducting
material
Types of ESP
(common):
Role-type ESP
Plate-type
ESP
Free-fall ESP
How it works?
Conclusion
Advantages
Small particle
Minimal lost
Easy to operate
High efficiency
Withstand
corrosion
Changes of T&P are
small
Disadvantages
High cost
Sizing
Limited
Susceptible to
explode
Large amount of
power
Efficiency
Collection area
Speed
5. Bagh0use / Fabric Filter
Umar usman
Mohd syafiq
Wan izdihar
INtroduction
Air pollution control device
Highly efficient particulate collection
devices



Applications in:
Foundry and steel operations
Pharmaceutical producers
Food manufacturers.
Chemical producers.

Type of Baghouse(cleansing method)
Reverse Air
Pulse Jet
Shaker
How
baghouse
filter work?
How to clean the filters?
Intermittent
Continuous Offline
Continuous Online
Clean air
Dust air
Filter bag
SHAKER REVERSE AIR PULSE JET
Collection
Efficiency
High High High
Air to cloth ratio Low (1.5-2ft/min) Low (1-2ft/min) High (6-10ft/min)
Temperature
condition
Cant be used in high
temperature
Preferred for high
temperatures
Special fabric needed if
want to use in high
temperature.
Advantages Simple to operate low pressure drop Can clean continuously
Can use strong woven
bags
Have small size and
fewer bags
bag changing without
entering baghouse
Disadvantages large amounts of
space,filter bag
Require frequent
cleaning
Require use of dry
compressed air
many moving parts no effective way to
remove residual dust
buildup
Cannot be used if high
moisture content
Personnel must enter
baghouse to replace bags
Personnel must enter
baghouse to replace
bags

Baghouse filter
Example : Fabric filtration system is to be constructed
using bags that are 0.3m in diameter, 6m long. Inlet air
flow 10m
3
/s. Appropriate air velocity determined as
2.0 m/min. Determine the number of bags required for
continuously cleaned operation?

Solution
a. Determine cloth area required,
A
fabric
=Q/v = 300m
2


b. Area for one bag = tDH = 5.65 m
2

c. Total number of bags = A
fabric
/A = 300/5.65 = 53.05 (54)

6
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) By Spray Tower
Group members:
Farah Wahidah Azman
Siti Syazana Che Ani
Noor Azzrina Mohd Nawi
Lecturer:
Dr Rafizan
Introduction
Countercurrent in design.
Commonly use in large scale FGD system because:
This system can be either in regenerable or once-through system.
The common scrubbing fluid is lime/limestone slurries.
Spray tower scrubber are often uses on wet FGD system at public &
industrial power generation facilities.
To remove SO
2
from the exhaust combustion flue gases of power plant
and other sulfur oxide process emission.
Simplest scrubber
Can reduce plugging &
buildup by pollutants.
Used to remove pollutants
from effluent gas stream
before leaves at the top of
column
CONCLUSION
Advantage
Disadvantage
Application
8. NO
x
Emission Control
(Non-catalytic)
Prepared by:
Mr Sanuzi
Mr Oss
Mr Amin

INTRODUCTION
SELECTIVE
NON
CATALYTIC
REDUCTION
To lessen
nitrogen oxide
By injecting
urea or
ammonia to
the firebox.
Urea is easier
to handle and
store
Convert
nitrogen oxide
into nitrogen
molecules and
water
4 NO + 4 NH
3
+ O
2
-> 4 N
2
+ 6 H
2
O
Process Descripction
The operating temperature is 1800
0
F-2000
0
F(982
0
C-1093
0
C)
The typical process achieved 20-60% NO
x
reduction.
Conclusions
Advantage
No by products for disposal
Low energy consumptions
No catalyst
High capital investment
Less space area than SCR


Disadvantages
Require high T
Optimum response temp
lies in narrow range
efficiency is low
9. Absorption:
NOx emission
control (Catalytic)
By
Muhammad Zulkifli Sabtu
Mohd Fadzrel Md Rais
Mohd Yusnihazrien Md Yusof
What is NOx and how it is formed?
Generally, NOx = NO (more) and NO2 (lesser)
Come from 2 mechanism :
-combustion reaction of nitrogen in air with excess oxygen at elevated
temperature (thermal NOx)(25%)
-from the flue gas of boilers fired with high-sulfur coals.
(Fuel NOx)(75%)

The formation
of NOx
depend on 3T
Temp
Turbulence Time
Why NOx is UNDESIRED?
When NOx and volatile
organic compounds
(VOCs) enter the atmosphere,
they react in the presence of
sunlight to
form ground-level ozone
Controlling
emissions of
nitrogen oxides
from stationary
sources
Reduction of NOx
to N2 and H2O by
the reaction of
NOx and ammonia
(NH3) within a
catalyst bed.
Mechanical
Parts
Catalyst used

Shape:
honeycomb
Reactor chamber
with a catalyst bed

Ammonia
handling and
injection
system
O2
NOx
NH3
H2O
N2
REACT TOGETHER
IN CATALYST BED
Reactor chamber with a
catalyst bed
Ammonia handling and
injection system
Conclusion
applicable to all types of boilers
including stoker, cyclone, wall-fired
and tangentially fired boilers
NOx removal = 70%
Present of catalyst cause increment
of costing for raw material source
and maintenance
INTRODUCTION
This type of technology is a
part of the group of air
pollution controls
collectively referred to as
wet scrubbers.
Venturi jet scrubbers, gas-
atomizing spray scrubbers,
and ejector-venturi scrubbers.
Type of Technology:
Removal of air pollutants
by inertial and diffusional
interception
Applicable
Pollutants:
Primarily used to control particulate
matter (PM), including PM to 10
micrometers (m) in aerodynamic
diameter (PM10)
PM to 2.5 m in
aerodynamic
diameter (PM2.5).
Though capable of some
incidental control of volatile
organic compounds (VOC),
generally venturi scrubbers
are limited to control PM and
high solubility gases
(EPA, 1992; EPA, 1996).
Venturi scrubber
Advantages Disadvanges
Can handle flammable and explosive
dusts with little risk
Effluent liquid can create water pollution
problems
Can handle mists Waste product collected wet
Relatively low maintenance High potential for corrosion problems
Simple in design and easy to install Protection against freezing required
Collection efficiency can be varied Off gas may require reheating to avoid
visible plume
Provides cooling for hot gases Collected particulate matter may be
contaminated, and may not be recyclable
Corrosive gas and dusts can be neutralize Disposal of waste sludge may be very
expensive
Definition
Sorption term used to describe the surface phenomenon when it
is not known/clear whether the process is absorption or adsorption
or combination of the two

Absorption occurs when penetration of one substance (sorbate)
into the inner structure of another (sorbent) : refer notes from
lecture on tues (10/4/2012)

Adsorption the sorbate is attracted and held on the surface of the
sorbent by chemical bonds (chemisorption)/physical forces i.e
London-van der waals (physical adsorption)
-adhesion of ions, atoms or molecules from gas, liquid or dissolved
solids to a surface


Adsorption isotherm
Commonly Reported Adsorption Isotherms
max
1
L
L
K c
q q
K c
=
+
lin
q k c =
n
f
q k c =
Linear: Langmuir:
Freundlich:
Type I (follows the Langmuir isotherm) is typical of many microporous adsorbents
(pore widths below 2 nm); monolayer adsorption.
Types II and III are typical of nonporous materials with strong (type II) or weak
(type III) fluid-wall attractive forces.
Types IV and V occur for strong and weak fluid-wall forces, respectively, when the
material is mesoporous (pore widths from 2 t o 50 nm) and capillary condensation
occurs; these types exhibit hysteresis loops.
Type VI occurs for some materials with relatively strong fluid-wall forces, usually
when the temperature is near the melting point for the adsorbed gas. Very rare
Type II ~ IV (II for non-porous, IV large porosity) and III~V (gas molecules have
higher affinity for each other than the solid surface)

IUPAC adsorption isotherm classification
Adsorption
Character of adsorbent : affinity for specific substances
Affinity preferential : alumina, bauxite, silica gel higher affinity towards
water (polar) whereas activated carbon adsorbs non polar compounds
(lower hydrocarbons)
Activate carbon most common adsorbent wiht high surface to
volume ratio achieved via activation
Physical activation carbonized at 400-600
o
C then activated with
steam at 75-900 C
Chemical activation Impregnated with activating agent zncl2,
H3PO4, KOH, and heated to 400-600
o
C.
Active carbon properties:
Pore area 500-100 m2/g
Pore volume 0.2-0.8 cm3/g
Pore size classification : micropores (<2nm), mesopores (2-50nm),
macropores (>50nm)


Typical commercial properties of GAC
Typical Analysis

Specifications

Iodine No 1000 - 1300 mg/g min
CTC (CCL4) Activity 50 - 70% min
Apparent Density 0.40 TO 0.48 g/cc
Ball Pan Hardness 95% to 98% Min
Moisture Content < 15%
ASH Content < 3%
pH Value 9 to 11
Particle Size Distribution
Mesh +4
Mesh -4 +8
Mesh -8
CTC has been banned due to GHG potential. Replaced with methylene blue number.
Iodine test adsorption on surface
Methylene blue diffused into the activated pores
Active carbon production
Design of AC adsorption column
Adsorption capacity obtained from adsorption isotherm experiments .
Normally follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm behaviour given by






Actual ads. Capacity is 25-50% of theoretical ads. Capacity of the carbon
The breakthrough time is given by:



d

tan cons empirical n , K
adsorption af ter solution in adsorbate of ion concentrat . equil C
carbon of wt unit per adsorbate amount
M
X
C K
M
X
f
e
n / 1
e f
=
=
=
=
( )
( )
1
1
1 3
1
,
,
,
,
, /
) 2 / (
/

=
=
=
=
=

=
mgL ion concentrat organic gh breakthrou C
mgL ion concentrat organic inlet C
d m f lowrate Q
g column in carbon of mass M
gg capacity adsorption gh breakthrou M X
C C Q
M M X
t
b
o
c
b
b o
c b
b
Example : Design of activated carbon colums
A factory plan to install an activated carbon adsorption system to remove
non biodegradable organics and to reduce the COD of the effluent from
the secondary treatment process prior to discharge to a watercourse.
Technical details for the desired system as below:

COD after secondary treatment = 300 mg/L
COD to be acheived after AC column (i.e breakthrough concentration) =
100 mg/L
Bulk density of AC = 0.5 g/cm
3
Dimension of activated carbon column = 1.0 m diameter (D) X 2.0m height
(H)
Effluent flowrate =350 m
3
/d
From laboratory data :
Adsorption obeys Fruendlich model given as
(X/M) = 0.002C
e
1.5


Determine the breakthrough time and surface loading to filter ratio.
Evaluate if the adsorption system is adequate for the removal of organics.


Solution :

on regenerati and replenish f or
columns multiple use mth af ter exhausted AC adequate design Comment
h m
m
d m
area tional cross
f lowrate
f ilter to loading Surf ace
d
d m
g gg
t
kg H
D
kgm volume density AC of Mass
gg AC mg COD mg
M
X
capacity l Theoretica
capacity adsorption at gh breakthrou assume e i M X M X
C C Q
M M X
t time gh Breakthrou
b
o
o b
b i
c b
b
. 1 . :
18
79 . 0
350
sec
39
20 / 100 300 ( 350
10 1550 2 . 2
1550
4
500
/ 4 . 10 ) 300 ( 002 . 0
% 50 . ) / ( 5 . 0 ) / (
) 2 / (
) / (
,
1 3
2
1 3
1 3
3 1
2
3
1 5 . 1

= = =
=

=
= = =
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
t