Enhancement and Optimal Utilization of CDMA2000 Networks

Dr. Joseph Shapira

Alexander Chair Professor IIT Madras President, Comm&Sens jshapira@netvision.net.il

When the Tire meets the Road..

Only then you feel the ride. Nothing is more true for cellular systems. Performance shows up only in large-scale field deployment. 15 years of CDMA, and there are yet lessons to learn. Packet CDMA will teach yet more lessons
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Channel Impulse response in a developed suburban

CDMA Cellular
Responds to aggregate interference
No frequency planning and structured (hexagon) grids Local environment and traffic density affects optimization

Forward and reverse links are not symmetrical

Reverse Link Capacity limit Coverage limit Power control Cell boundary Interference Users power Forward link Power BTS power

Controlled by aggregate Controlled by interference to the BTS interference to the MS Shrinks when loaded
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Expands when loaded

CDMA outperforms when optimized over all parameters

Improve the channel reduce Eb/Nt required margin Receive diversity Transmit diversity Reduce link loss variations Distributed antennas Repeaters Reduce SHO overhead
Increase the transmissionloss slope Balance up and down links Access Control

Balance the loads

Intersector Intercell

Optimize the service Dynamic optimization is the next frontier

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Diversity Gain
MS

Signal fading below threshold increases the Bit Error Rate (BER) S Diversity gain is the rise of the average signal level for the same BER (for the same fraction of time below the threshold) Threshold

Rx Diversity

Correlated fading: gain 3 dB

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Uncorrelated fading: gain 7 dB

(at 1% FER)

Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) for Diversity Combining

CDF 100%
Single Branch
Prob. Signal<

Correlated 2nd branch Uncorrelated 2nd branch

10%
Signal [dB]

Diversity Gain (dB)

TDTD gain vs range and orthogonality

5 dB 0 dB Diversity Gain -20 dB 0 0 1 a

1 0.6 Range

PSTD gain vs multipath

Eb/Io Baseline Diversity gain 9 dB 6 dB 3 dB

9 dB 6 dB 3 dB

PSTD

Gaussian

2 path
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Single path Rayleigh

Transmit Diversity Add-On (TDA)

Performance Comparison - Sector 21Z
4.9 4.4 3.9 3.4 2.9

Blocking probability

w/o TDTD w TDTD - Before Tilt

P blocking

Residential area 2%
Performance Comparison - Sector 21X
300 400 500 600 700 800

2.4 1.9 1.4 0.9 0.4 -0.1 5200

70% increase in capacity (2.3 dB gain) Highway traffic 25% increase in capacity
w/o TDTD w TDTD

[%]

4.5 4 3.5 3

Minutes of Use

P blocking

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 700

(1 dB gain)

2%

[%]

10
900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900

Minutes of Use

Indoors Penetration
Transmit Diversity plus TTLNA
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -10 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

5dB
RSSI {with TD w/o TD } [dB] Distribution

-4dB
Handset Tx Power {with TD w/o TD} [dB] Distribution

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Network Optimization/ Capacity Maximization Process

Improve the channel reduce Eb/Io required margin Receive diversity Transmit diversity Reduce link loss variations Distributed access Repeaters Reduce SHO overhead
Increase the transmissionloss slope Balance up and down links Access Control

Balance the loads

Intersector Intercell

Optimize the service Dynamic optimization is the next frontier

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Distributed Access and Repeaters

Lower path-loss Increase coverage and building penetration Radio resource/ load distribution control (Hotelling) Hot spot coverage adds capacity

Perimeter coverage reduces interference and pilot pollution. Increases capacity

80 dB

35 dB
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1/

Repeater Interaction with the Donor

Capacity m+n Coverage shrinks with noise rise and with load. Coverage ratio between donor and repeater is controlled by GRTdonor Forward gain adjusted to match reverse coverage Diversity has a major impact
R0 GB BTS m Tdonor Path-Loss a Ra GR FR Repeater

FB

R1

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Capacity-Coverage Trade-off
ST[dB]

30% coverage loss But recovered and moreby repeaters

Noise rise =

ST set limit

Max allowable slope Capacity loss

[dB ] 10 LOG 1 F
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17.5% capacity loss

Road Coverage with Cascaded Repeaters

Total length including donor
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Donor cell radius shrinkage

1.00

Donor cell radius

3.5

0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 y=repeater +link gain

total length

3 2.5 2 1.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 y=repeater + link gain 1 repeater 2 3 4 5

1 repeater

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Repeater embedded in a cell

Pm[dB]

q/y

q RC R0 q/y q Cell coverage

RR

Overlap Repeater coverage coverage

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Network Optimization/ Capacity Maximization Process

Improve the channel reduce Eb/Io required margin Receive diversity Transmit diversity Reduce link loss variations Distributed antennas Repeaters Reduce SHO overhead
Antenna control Balance up and down links Access Control

Balance the loads

Intersector Intercell

Optimize service Dynamic optimization is the next frontier

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Number of Sectors involved in a call

A Major Metropolitan Market, US
Site # X 2.3 Site # Y

1.5 3.4 2.1 2.2

2.2

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Power Inefficiency factor

Site # X Site # Y 20 - 30%

[Simple+2*CTrfCode ChnSrHO+2.25*CTrfCode ChnSHO] / [Simple+CTrfCode ChnSrHO+CTrfCode ChnSHO]

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Beam-tilt and foot-print

Power received at MS[dB]- R-2 propagation law

Tilted Beam Reference Reduced power

tilt H

LOG(Rtilt)

Stronger and shorter coverage

R
LOG (R) Cell boundary: Reference With tilt

Rtilt

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Adaptive pilot tuning

1.2

Fraction of BTS power to pilot

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 z paramter (Eq. 3.5.4) 50% load Full load 25% load

zx

F2 1 h1 F1 1 h 2

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Network Optimization/ Capacity Maximization Process

Improve the channel reduce Eb/Io required margin Receive diversity Transmit diversity Reduce link loss variations Distributed antennas Repeaters Reduce SHO overhead
Increase the transmissionloss slope Balance up and down links Access Control

Balance the loads

Intersector Intercell

Optimize service Dynamic optimization is the next frontier

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EIRP Design with Beam-Shaping Activity Eb/Nt EIRP Antenna in Inhomogeneous Cell
(dB)

a1 (=1/3) 10

10/3

High-clutter dense urban. Single ray Rayleigh. Eb/Io -> 10 dB

Open, Line of Sight Single ray high Rician Eb/Io -> 3 dB Developed Suburban. Long delay multipath Eb/Io = 5 dB Loss of orthogonality

a2 (=1/3) 3

2/3

a3 (=1/3) 5

3/3

Total EIRP (required ) Total EIRP (available)

15/3

30/3

Half of the power is lost if no EIRP 24 shaping is applied

Distributed Load Balancing

Intersector Hot Spot Repeater Intercell Hot Spot Repeater Remote sector BTS hotelling remote cells
Links: F1/F2 Microwave Fiber Optics Free Space Optics
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Network Optimization/ Capacity Maximization Process

Improve the channel reduce Eb/Io required margin Receive diversity Transmit diversity Reduce link loss variations Distributed antennas Repeaters Reduce SHO overhead
Increase the transmissionloss slope Balance up and down links Access Control

Balance the loads

Intersector Intercell

Optimize service Dynamic optimization is the next frontier

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The Smart Cluster

Add-On Dynamic Optimization
Cluster size - 10 to 15 cells
Objectives Sensors Optimization Communication Mobile units BTS RF state Repeaters Antenna state Switch performance parameters
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Effectors

Communication RET and RBC Antennas Repeater gain BTS pilot level Neighbor list Search window Additional parameters

3G The cost of High Data Rate

3G cellular Bandwidth is fixed Cost Higher Eb/Nt needed
Higher modulation constellation, Reduction of code protection
Power (signal-to-noise and interference)

Protection by ARQ and Scheduling

The cost - latency

BIT

Time (duration)

Frequency (band-width)
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DIGITAL MODULATION
Signal constellation A trade-off between spectral efficiency (bits/Hz), and interference immunity Cellular systems use 2 and 4 state modulation. Higher state 8 PSK, 16 QAM require high Eb/Nt. The service has a shorter range
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Im

Im

Re

Re

BPSK
Im

QPSK
Im

Re

Re

16 QAM

8 PSK

Signal constellation -sensitivity to noise

BPSK,QPSK

Higher spectral efficiency goes with higher sensitivity to co-channel interference (requires 30 higher Eb/Nt)

3G Services and Constraints

Means
Circuit switched Packet switched - Scheduling: Code Division
Service Voice PTT SMS Large files Rate Low Low Low High Session Long Long Short Long Long
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Time Division
Latency Low High High High Low Error Tolerance High Very High Med Very Low Med

Video/games Med

IS 95 and 1xEV DO Fwd Link Structure

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Forward vs Reverse
Forward link (FL) efficiency depends on Tx power per bit Large variation of FL efficiency between MS and over time DO, DV, and HSDPA all take advantage of short-term good channel condition by fast MS feedback RL efficiency depends on the Rx power per bit Schedule-to-Tx-when-channel-is-above-average reduces the interference to other BSs statistically.

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C/I vs non-orthogonal multipath

15

a=.99

10

a=.95
5

C/I[dB]

a=.7
0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05

-5

a=.5

-10

-15 r/R al=.99 al=.95 al=.7 al=.5

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1.15

FORWARD LINK Eb/Nt vs. Distance (The Geometry factor G)

Orthogonality and Diversity govern Eb/Nt
Non Orthogonal Interference Other cells loaded 50%
Relative Eb / I0 [dB]

Orthogonal Interference (noise limited)

80 70 60 50 40

Load full .75 .5 .25

Eb / Io

30 20 10 0

Distance from BS (in 35 cell radius units)

0. 05 0. 15 0. 25 0. 35 0. 45 0. 55 0. 65 0. 75 0. 85 0. 95 1. 05 1. 15 1. 25 1. 35
Distance from BS

-10

Time Division Duplexing/ Scheduling

For moving MS the channel fluctuates The peaks exceed the average by typical 3dB. The signal does not peak simultaneously for different MSs. The scheduler allocates time slots to the user with the best channel, thus getting max data rate Many users activity offers more opportunities for signal peaks to the scheduler and increase the throughput.. This is user diversity.

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Radio Resource Management

3G sacrifices capacity for service versatility Mixture of different Eb/Nt requirements and packet scheduling Variance in Power Control Soft HandOff common to all Variance in boundary and link balance.

Dynamic control is desired for optimizing capacity, coverage and quality

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Congestion Control
Limits the traffic in the cell within desired quality
Means: Power Admission Control Load control Packet Scheduler

Antenna Tilt / Orientation/ Pattern Change

- impacts all other means

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Coverage Transformation
Antennas above the scenery (suburban environment)
The dominant parameter is angle The angular spread grows as the antenna is lower Antennas below the roof level The dominant parameter is the

location
The array manifold is squeezed into a narrow coverage area. Multiple reflections are attenuated.
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Summary
The cellular CDMA systems achieves superior performance and capacity when optimized against traffic and environment locally and globally. Initial planning and deployment need optimization to reflect the actual traffic and environment, and their changes. The advent of wide range of services on one platform adds dynamics and variance to the network balance. Dynamic optimization will be most advantageous.

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Summary (2)
Most of the Radio Resources are controlled at the RF access level and allow for low BTS-intervention. The meaningful locality in a CDMA network is a cluster of 10 to 15 cells. This is the optimization subject. Smart antenna is a local solution. Smart cluster is a network solution. Dynamic optimization of Smart clusters is the eventual goal.

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Reference
CDMA Radio with Repeaters
Joseph Shapira Shmuel Miller
SPRINGER, 2007
ISBN 978-0-387-26329-8

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Thank You
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