Managing Change

and Innovation

1
Categories of Change

People Structure

Technology

2
 External Forces of
Change

Government
Competition
Programs

Economic
Technology
Conditions
3
 Internal
Operations
Internal
Forces of
Change Impact of
External
Events
4
Agents of Change

Staff
Managers Specialists
Outside
Consultants

5
 Lewin’s Three-Step Process

Unfreezing Changing Refreezing

The “Calm Waters”

Metaphor 6
Lack of Lack of
Stability Predictability

White-Water
Rapids

Virtual Constant
Chaos Change
7
 The Change Process
• The Calm Waters Metaphor
– Change viewed as a break in the
organization’s equilibrium state
• Unfreezing the status quo
• Changing to a new state
• Refreezing to make the change permanent
• White-Water Rapids Metaphor
– No stability and predictability
– Organizations must constantly change to
survive

8
Resistance to Change

Uncertainty and Ambiguity

Fear of Personal Loss

Lack of Faith in Change

9
 Techniques for
Reducing Resistance
Education and
Participation
Communication

Facilitation
Negotiation
and Support

Manipulation
Coercion
and Cooptation
10
 Techniques for
Managing Change
Structure Technology People

Authority Processes Attitudes

Coordination Methods Expectations
CentralizationEquipment Behavior

11
 Organizational
Development Techniques

• Intergroup development

• Process consultation

• Survey feedback

• Team building
12
Constraints Demands

What Is Stress?

Uncertainty Importance
13
 Task Demands

Role Demands

Organizational
Interpersonal Demands
Stress Factors
Structural Dimensions

Leadership Techniques
14
Personal Stress
Factors

Family Personality Economic

15
 Stress Physiological

Psychological

Behavioral
Three General Symptoms
16
Stress Management
• Selection and placement

• Job redesign

• Participation

• Wellness programs

• Employee assistance
17
 • Combining new ideas
What Is in unique ways or
Creativity? associating ideas in
unusual ways

• Turning creative ideas

What Is into useful products,
Innovation? services, or methods
of operation
18
The Creative Perception
Process
Incubation

Inspiration

Innovation
19
 Structural
Variables

Sources of Organizational
Innovation Culture

Human
Resources
20
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