S

c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

Downhole Hydraulics
Level I
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

2 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Learning Objectives
After completion of this module you will be able to:
Calculate the
Tubular Volume
Hydrostatic Pressure and Pressure Differential
Tubular and Annular Flow Velocity
Buoyancy and Snubbing Forces
Hook Load
Forces on a packer
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

3 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Volume
Volume = Cross Sectional Area
Height




Where D is the internal/external
diameter in inches (for the
conversion factor to apply)



ID
OD
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1029
2 2
2
in D
ft
bbls
Volume
factor conversion ft H in A bbls Volume
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

4 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Why Use 1029
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
ft
bbls D
ft
bbls
L
V
ft
bbls
D 7083 0.00097138
ft
bbls
L
V
ft
bbls
D
ft
bbls
L
V
ft
bbls
D
ft
bbls
L
V
ft
bbls
in
ft
in D
ft
bbls
L
V
L D V
1029
4
144
1781 . 0
4
1781 . 0
144
1
4
1781 . 0
144 4
4
2
2
2
2
3 2
2
2 2
2
t
t
t
t
t
The
Diameter
must be in
inches for
the
conversion
factor to
apply
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

5 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Volume Calculations (1)
(I) Calculate the volume of a 4.5in tubing, 3.959in
ID down to 9,000ft.
( )
( )
bbls ft
ft
bbls
ft Volume
ft
bbls in
Volume
ID
Volume Internal
137 000 , 9 015232 . 0 000 , 9 @
015232 . 0
1029
959 . 3
1029
2
2
= =
= =
=
Where ID is the
internal diameter of
the tubular
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

6 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Volume Calculations (2)
(II) Calculate the annular volume between a 4.5in
tubing 3.959in ID and a 1.75in CT string down to
TD @ 9,000ft.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
bbls ft
ft
bbls
ft Volume
ft
bbls in in
Volume
OD ID
Volume Internal
110 000 , 9 012256 . 0 000 , 9 @
012256 . 0
1029
75 . 1 959 . 3
1029
2 2
2 2
= =
=

=
Where ID is the internal
diameter of the tubular and OD
is the external diameter of the
CT string
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

7 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Volume Calculations (3)
(III) Calculate the volume displaced by a 1.75in
CT wall thickness string down to 9,000ft.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
bbls ft
ft
bbls
ft Volume
ft
bbls in
Volume
ID OD
Volume Internal
6 . 9 000 , 9 001071 . 0 000 , 9 @
001071 . 0
1029
40 . 1 75 . 1
1029
2 2
2 2
= =
=

=
Where OD is the external
diameter of the CT and ID is
the internal diameter of the CT
string
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

Pressure Calculations
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

9 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Pressure
Pressure is defined as the force per unit area
exerted on a surface
Pressure exerts in all directions
When solving oilfield problems, there is two types
of pressure to consider: applied and hydrostatic
pressure
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

10 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Applied Pressure
Applied pressure is due to a pump or similar
means.
Applied pressure is felt throughout the system
equally.

S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

11 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is fluid pressure due to the weight of
fluid above it. Both gases and liquids exert hydrostatic
pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure is present at all points below the
surface of a fluid, but unlike applied pressure it is not
constant.
The hydrostatic pressure at any point depends on the
fluid density and the depth (True Vertical Depth TVD)
below the fluid surface.
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

12 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Hydrostatic Pressure
P
hydrostatic
= Fluid Weight True Vertical Depth
The Fluid Weight can be expressed in terms of the
Density (mass per unit volume)
Specific Gravity (a comparison to the density of water)
Hydrostatic pressure is usually defined by fluid gradient
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
gal
lbs
Weight Fluid
ft
psi
Gradient Fluid 052 . 0
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

Flow Velocity
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

14 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Flow Velocity
For Coiled Tubing Operations, it is important to
calculate the velocity of the fluid traveling in the
annular space between the CT string and the
tubular. Why?

ft
bbls
Volume
min
bbls
Rate Pump Fluid
ft
Velocity Flow
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
min
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

15 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

2 OD
.204 WT
10,350 ft
3.5 OD
9.3 lb/ft
EOT 8,875 ft



5.50 OD
15.5# ft
EOC 9,948 ft
1. What is the capacity of:
CT Reel
Annulus CT/Tbg
Annulus CT/Csg

2. What is the flow velocity in the annulus ?
CT/Tbg CT/Csg
1/2 bpm
1.0 bpm
3.0 bpm

3. How long does it take to circulate BU ?
Annulus CT
1/2 bpm
1.0 bpm
3.0 bpm

4. Whats the expected top of cement from a 9 bbl slurry
(from bottom up) ? CT out of slurry.


5. How many lbs of sand can there be along
the casing from the bottom up to the EOT ?
25 bbl @ .0.00246 bbls/ft
43 bbl @ .004813 bbls/ft
21 bbls @ .01992 bbls/ft
104 25.1
208 50.2
624 150.6
128 50.9
64.1 25.5
21.4 8.5
378 ft. @ 42.0168 ft/bbl. (0.0238 bbls/ft) , = 9570ft
14.3 lbs/ft x 1,073 = 15,344 lbs
CT Calculations (1)
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

16 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

1.75 OD
0.156 WT
10,350 ft
3.50 OD
9.3 lb/ft
EOT 8,875 ft



7.00 OD
23.0# ft
EOC 9,948 ft
1. What is the capacity of:
CT Reel
Annulus CT/Tbg
Annulus CT Csg

2. What is the flow velocity in the annulus ?
CT/Tbg CT/Csg
1/2 bpm
1.0 bpm
3.0 bpm

3. How long to circulate BU ?
Annulus CT
1/2 bpm
1.0 bpm
3.0 bpm
4. How high would a 9 bbl slurry of cement
subtend from bottom up ? CT out of slurry.


5. How many lbs of sand can there be along
the casing from the bottom up to the EOT ?
20.8 bbls @ 0.00201 bbls/ft
50.8 bbls @ .00572 bbls/ft
39.06 bbls @ .03641 bbls/ft
87.4 13.7
175 27.5
524.5 82.4
179.7 41.6
89.9 21
29.9 7
228 ft. @ 25.38 ft/bbl.
23.645 lbs/ft x 1073 = 25,371 lbs
CT Calculations (2)
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

Hook Load
Definitions CT Area, Buoyancy
Force, Snubbing Load
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

18 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

External and Internal Areas in the
CT Downhole End
External Area: Based on the
pipe OD, Wellbore pressure acts
here upwards.
Metal Area: The difference
between the external and the
internal areas. Wellbore
pressure acts here.
Internal Area: Based on the pipe
ID. CT internal pressure acts
here downwards.
ID
OD
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

19 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Buoyancy Force
The upward force acting on an object placed in a
fluid
The buoyancy force is equal to the weight of fluid
displaced by the object
F
buoyancy

= Weight of the fluid displaced by the CT (lbs)
= Volume of Fluid displaced by the CT Density of Fluid in the Well



S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

20 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Buoyancy Force (2)
Calculate the Buoyancy Force for the following
cases:
(I) 1.5in CT string, 0.109in wall with no check
valve full of water @ 3,490ft in a well full of
water.


( ) ( )
lbsf
gal
lbs
gals
gal
lbs
bbl
gal
f t
in . in .
720
34 . 8 4 . 86
34 . 8 42 490 , 3
1029
282 1
1029
5 1
2 2
=
=

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
F
buoyancy
=Weight of the fluid displaced by the CT wall

S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

21 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Buoyancy Force (3)
(II) 1.5in CT string, 0.109in wall with check valve
full of water @ 3,490ft in a well full of water.
Buoyancy Force acting on the full cross sectional
area of the CT It does not matter what fluid is
inside
( )
lbs
gal
lbs
gals
gal
lbs
bbl
gal
f t
in .
673 , 2
34 . 8 5 . 320
34 . 8 42 490 , 3
1029
5 1
2
=
=

(

=
F
buoyancy
=Weight of the fluid displaced by the entire CT string

S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

22 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Snubbing Force
CT going into a well with pressure
The pressure pushes against the tubing
producing an upward force.
The Snubbing Capacity is the force required to
push the CT into a pressurized wellhead,
overcoming this upward push.


Snubbing Load = WHP External Cross Sectional Area of the CT + Stripper Friction Load (SFL)
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

23 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Snubbing Force
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
WHP (psi)
S
n
u
b
b
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

(
l
b
s
)

1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2 3/8
Snubbing capacity HR440:
Snubbing capacity HR480:
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

24 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Hook Load
Hook load is the actual weight
supported by the Injector Head when
the CT string is in the well
The Reading of the Weight Indicator
equals the Hook Load plus the effect
of the reel tension and the stripper
load
Note: The following slides refer to the Hook Load,
the Reading of the Weight Indicator will be dealt
closer during the TFM Training Session


S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

25 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Hook Load in a Vertical Well (1)
Well and CT full of water. No added forces and zero pressure.
CT Data: 14,000 ft of 1.5, 0.109 (1.623 lbs/ft) HS90
Well Data: 3.5in Tubing, 7in Casing. Vertical @ 3,490 ft
Hook Load = Tension on cross section right below the stripper
HL = W
air
BF + W
fi
where
W
air
is the weight of the CT string in air (lbs)
W
fi
is the weight of the fluid inside the CT (lbs)
BF is the Buoyancy Force (lbs)
BF
W
air
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

26 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Hook Load in a Vertical Well (2)
CT string full of 10ppg brine and wellbore full of water. WHP=1,000psi
BF+Snubbing Load
W
air
+W
fi

HL = W
air
+ W
fi
BF Snubbing Load

where
W
air
is the weight of the CT string in air (lbs)
W
fi
is the weight of the fluid inside the CT (lbs)
BF is the Buoyancy Force (lbs)
Snubbing Load = WHP External Cross Sectional Area of the CT
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

27 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Hook Load in a Horizontal Well (3)
HL ~ W
air
coso + W
fi
BF Snubbing Load Drag
where
Drag is the friction between the CT and the tubular = N
N is the normal force = W
air
seno - BF seno
BF is the Buoyancy Force (lbs)


BF
Weight
N
N
o
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

28 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Hook Load
Affected by:
CT size, WHP, density of fluids inside and outside
CT, shape of the well (inclination, doglegs, etc)
Decreases:
Lighter fluids inside CT
Increasing WHP
Increases:
Heavier fluids inside CT
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

29 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

1. What would the WHP be with hole full of
10 ppg fluid in annulus & 9 ppg in CT &
pump off & no CVs ?



2. What would the minimum CP be with hole full of
10 ppg fluid in annulus & 9 ppg in CT &
pump off & no CVs ?



3. What would the WI read assuming that
the CT weighed 3.923 lbs/ft ?



4. What would the WI read if 9 bbls of 15.6 ppg
were placed in the annulus from CT end
followed by 2 bbls Fresh Water and remaining CT
volume with 9 ppg ?
2.00 O.D.
.204 W.T.
10,350 ft.
3.50 O.D.
9.3 lb/ft
EOT 8,875 ft.



7.00 O.D.
23.0# ft.
EOC 9,948 ft.
0 psi
517 psi
32,048 lbf
31,760 lbf
Pressure/Force Calculations (1)
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

Forces on a Packer
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

31 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Once a packer is set, the
pressure above the packer will
be applied on the surface
between the CT OD and the
wellbore ID
The pressure below the packer
is the same as the pressure
inside the CT. So the pressure
below the packer produces a
net force only in the area
between the CT ID and the
wellbore ID.
Any weight slacked off on top of
the packer will push the packer
down.
Differential force on a packer:

Weight slacked off
pressure
above
pressure below
pressure
inside
AF = (Pb * Ab) - (Pa * Aa) - Slack
Forces on a Packer
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

32 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

1. Assuming the formation pressure were
7,700 psi & the injection pressure were 440
psi,what would the CP be if the reel is full of
15% HCl & Friction Pressure @ 1 bpm = 950
psi ?


2. What would the A P across the packer be
with 10 ppg fluid in the CT/Tbg annulus and
0 WHP injecting under conditions of #1 ?


3. What would the direction and A F value be
on the packer be while set and injecting @ 1
bpm ?


4. You can slackoff 10000 lbs on top of the
packer. How much WHP is required to
neutralize the differential force?


7700 + 440 = 8140 psi
8140 - (9948 x 8.962 x .052) + 950 = 4454 psi
3025 psi
20558 lbsf
WHP = 2715 psi
2.00 O.D.
.204 W.T.
10,350 ft.
3.50 O.D.
9.3 lb/ft
EOT 8,875 ft.




7.00 O.D.
23.0# ft.
EOC 9,948 ft.
Through tubing Packer set at 8,875
Packer Calculations (1)
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

33 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Questions
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

34 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Hydrostatic Pressure
TOTAL PRESSURE (psi)
= HYDROSTATIC PRESS (psi) + APPLIED PRESS
(psi)
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (psi)
= FLUID GRADIENT (psi/ft) x TRUE VERTICAL
DEPTH (ft)
APPLIED PRESSURE is usually either:
The pump (treating) pressure
A part of the formation pressure
Zero

S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

35 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Phyd = Density (ppg) x Depth (TVD) x .052 (constant)
Density = 10.0 ppg Depth = 10,000 ft .052 psi/ft/ppg
Phyd = 10ppg x 10,000ft x .052
Phyd = 5,200 psi
1) Density = 9.6 ppg Depth = 14,100 ft .052 psi/ft/ppg
2) Density = 11.6 ppg Depth = 9,200 ft .052 psi/ft/ppg
3) Density = 17.5 ppg Depth = 17,600 ft .052 psi/ft/ppg
Hydrostatic Pressure
S
c
h
l
u
m
b
e
r
g
e
r

P
r
i
v
a
t
e

36 Downhole Hydraulics Level I

Why 0.052?
1 ft
1 ft
1 ft
1 ppg x 7.48 gals/ft
3
144 in / ft
2 2
psi/ft/ppg
.052