MEDICATED SOAP

PRESENTD BY: WASEEM YOUSAF(09-CH-30) AHMAD JAMAL(09-CH-48)

Table of contents
Introduction Literature survey Preparation of medicated soap from five different raw materials Soap analysis Comparison with other market options

Introduction
In our daily life we use different forms of soap. We cant imagine a single day without the use of soap. It is an essential part of cleanliness in our civilized society Soap is actually a salt Fatty acid + base soap + water Process of reacting fatty acids with base or alkali called saponification Can be done in two ways: cold process and hot process

What is Medicated Soap?

Medicated soap have the germicidal substance like, Triclosan, trichlocarbon etc. are incorporated into them, in order to enhance their antibacterial activity These germicide substance are normally added in a specified amount and percentage of the substance used are always stated on the soap case or inside the lesflet which certain the information on how to use the soap for various purposes

Fillers & Packaging

Fillers / Extenders Talc, Titanium dioxide (to give white color - a sort of pigment used in paints) Gums, Sodium Carbonate, Alkyl Sulfate, Lauryl sulfate [foaming agent, emulsifier], chalk Less fillers better quality soap Packaging Has only a wrapper, it is low cost soap in most cases Slightly better quality soap comes in a carton, with special paper wrapper inside

TFM

TFM means Total Fatty Matter in the soap Ratio of mass of fatty matter to the total mass of the soap Higher the TFM% ,better the quality All the manufacturers must print the value of TFM on the wrapper or carton

Literature survey
Antibacterial soaps were originally marketed as deodorant soaps to control body odor caused by the action of bacteria on perspiration The first proposed monograph, published in 1974, officially defined an antibacterial cleanser as a soap containing an active ingredient with invivo and invitro activity against skin organisms According to pelage et al (1986) antibacterial activity is the ability to either destroy bacteria or inhibit their growth. This is significant with respects to the human body in preventing sepsis and skin infections. Also Derland (1981) states that medicated soap have the germicidal substance like Triclosan, trichlocarbon etc. incorporated into them, in order to enhance their antibacterial activity. These germicide substance are normally added in a specified amount

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOAP

Soaps play an important role in removing and killing bacteria. Although fats and oils are general ingredient of soaps but some detergents are added to enhance the antibacterial activities of soaps (Friedman and Wolf, 1996) According to Osbore and Grobe antibacterial soaps can remove 65 to 85% bacteria from human skin (Osborne and Grube, 1982) Bacteria are very diverse and present every where such as in soil, water, sewage, standing water and even in human body. Bacterias that attacks on human body is of great importance with reference to health (Johnson et al., 2002) Transient bacteria are deposited on the skin surface from environmental sources and causes skin infections. Examples of such bacteria are Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Fluit et al., 2001) and Staphylococcus aureus (Higaki et al., 2000).

MEDICAL RELEVANCE OF ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP

Antibacterial soap is any cleaning product to which active antibacterial ingredients have been added. These chemicals kill bacteria and microbes, but are no more effective at deactivating viruses than any other kind of soap or detergent, and they also kill nonpathogenic bacteria Ingredients: Most liquid hand and body soaps contain antibacterial chemicals. Triclosan is a common ingredient Since there is a great variety of bacteria, effectiveness against any given type of bacterium does not ensure that it is effective against unrelated types. These are generally only contained at preservative levels unless the product is marked antibacterial, antiseptic, or germicidal Triclosan, Trichlocarban and PCMX/Chloroxylenol are commonly used for antibacterial and deodorant effect in consumer products

Five types of Medicated Soap

Types of soaps from different raw materials: 1. Triclosan Soap (sample 1) 2. Trichlocarbon Soap (sample 2) 3. Neem Soap (sample 3) 4. Lemon Soap (sample 4) 5. Aloe Vera Soap (sample 5)

1.Triclosan Soap
Chemicals 1 2 3 4 5 Triclosan Glycerin Vitamin-E Tea tree oil Sodium hydroxide Weight 20g 10g 1 capsule 20g 20g

2.Trichlocarban Soap
Chemicals
1 2 3 Triclosan Glycerin Vitamin-A

Weight
20g 10g 1 capsule

4
5

Olive oil
Sodium hydroxide

20g
20g

3.Neem Soap
Chemicals
1 2 Trichlocarban Glycerin

Weight
20g 10g

3 4
5

Vitamin-B Neem oil

Sodium hydroxide

1 capsule 20g
20g

4.Lemon Soap
Chemicals
1 2 Trichlocarban Glycerin

Weight
20g 10g

3 4
5

Vitamin-C Lemon oil

Sodium hydroxide

1 capsule 20g
20g

5.Aloe Vera Soap

Chemicals
1 2 Trichlocarban Glycerin

Weight
20g 10g

3 4
5

Aloe Vera extract Caster oil

Sodium hydroxide

10g 20g
20g

General Procedure

Weigh a 10g of NaOH pellets in a beaker and add 10g of cold water, stir the mixture until a clear solution results Then add 20g of oil (tea tree oil, lemon oil, coconut oil, neem oil, olive oil) and 10g of glycerin to it Then place the beaker on the hot plate with low heat and with occasional stirring between 40-50 0C and add the lye solution (Triclosan, Trichlocarban )to the mixture with stirring Stir the mixture continuously and until an emulsion is formed and mixture should look like a thick then should stay emulsified Let the mixture cool on the bench top with occasional stirring until an emulsion, which does not separate, is formed Add perfume or other additives at this point. Pour the emulsion into a plastic cup and place in your drawer for the reaction to run and the soap is ready to be used.

Soap Analysis
The most important points in soap analysis are: 1. Determination of the fatty matter 2. Determination of the total alkali 3. Determination of the substances insoluble in water 4. Determination of the water 5. Detremination of antibacterial ingredient

Soap Analysis

The first is carried out by saponifying the soap with acid in the heat when the fatty acids come to the surface. If it fails to form a hard cake on cooling, a known weight of wax may be added and the product reheated. The cake on weighing gives the free acid The total alkali is determined by incinerating a weighed sample in a platinum dish, dissolving the residue in water, filtering and titrating the filtrate with standard acid. The residue on the filter paper gives The substances insoluble in water. The water in a soap is rarely directly determined; when it is, the soap, in the form of shavings, is heated to 105 C. until the weight is constant, the loss giving the amount of ' " Soap powders " and " soap extracts " are powdered mixtures of soaps, soda ash or ordinary sodium carbonate Water. With genuine soaps, however, it suffices to calculate the fatty acids as anhydrides and add to this the amount of alkalis, and estimate the water by difference. The complete analysis involves an examination of the fatty matter, of the various forms in which the alkalis are present free and combined glycerin

Results

Weight of Reactants:

1 2 3

Samples Triclosan soap Trichlocarban soap Neem soap

Weight 75g 75g 75g

4 5

Lemon Soap Aloe Vera soap

75g 80g

Results

Weight of Products:

1 2

Samples Triclosan soap

Trichlocarban soap

Weight 65g
66g

3
4 5

Neem soap
Lemon Soap Aloe Vera soap

70g
60g 70g

Percentage Yield

The yield is the amount of product obtained from a reaction. Companies like the maximum possible yield for the minimum cost. For many companies such as drug and food companies the purity of the product is even more important %age yield = actual mass obtained * 100 calculated mass

Percentage Yield Calculations

Samples 1
2 3 4 5

%age Yield 86%

84%g 88% 80% 87%

Triclosan soap
Trichlocarban soap Neem soap Lemon Soap Aloe Vera soap

Prices of raw materials

Chemicals use in the preparation of Medicated Soap has following prices: 1g of Triclosan = 2.5 Rs 1g of trichlocarbon = 1.5 RS 1g of sodium hydroxide = 0.3 Rs 1g of glycerin = 0.5 Rs 1g of Aloe Vera extract = 0.1 Rs 1g of caster oil = 0.1 Rs 1g of lemon oil = 1.0 Rs 1g of olive oil = 0.05 Rs 1g of tea tree oil =2.0 Rs 1g of neem oil = 1.0 Rs Vitamin E, A, C = 5 Rs/piece

Prices of Soaps
Samples 1
2 3 4 5

Price (Rs) 1o6

68 66 65 45

Triclosan soap
Trichlocarban soap Neem soap Lemon Soap Aloe Vera soap