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BIOLOGY
Module 5
STORY LINE
GRADE 3 Pupils learned that living things reproduce and certain traits are passed on to their offspring GRADE 4 Pupils learned that humans, animals, and plants go through life cycles. Some inherited traits may be affected by the environment at certain stages in
STORY LINE
GRADE 5 Pupils learned how flowering plants and some nonflowering plants reproduce. They were also introduced to the sexual and asexual modes of reproduction. GRADE 6 Pupils learned how non-flowering plants (sporebearing and conebearing plants, ferns, and mosses) reproduce.
STORY LINE
GRADE 7 After learning how flowering and nonflowering plants reproduce, Grade 7 students learned that asexual reproduction results in genetically identical offspring whereas sexual reproduction gives rise to variation GRADE 8 Students will learn the process of cell division by mitosis and meiosis. They will understand that meiosis is an early step in sexual reproduction that leads to variation.
KEY QUESTIONS:
What are the different types of cell division? How are traits passed on to the next generation?
TOPICS INCLUDED:
Review on the Cell Function Review on the Location of Chromosomes in the CELL Cell Cycle: Interphase (G1, S phase, G2) Mitotic Phase Meiotic Phase Nondisjunction (Chromosomal Aberrations) CLASSICAL GENETICS -Mendelian Genetics -Non-Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance Sex-Linked Traits Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
Cell Cycle
Makes up the entire life of the cell
Interphase
G0 -zero growth (Gap O) G1- initial growth(Gap 1) S - synthesis
Mitosis - Review
Diploid cell (2n). cells with 2 sets of chromosomes. 1 set-comes from male parent 1 set-comes from female parent
All somatic/body cells undergo mitosis for growth, repair or replacement of old cells
Chromatin materials becomes thicker and shorter because of repeated coiling Chromosomes are now visible Centrioles form spindle Nuclear envelope/membrane and nucleoli breaks apart.
Chromosomes meet and align in middle or equator. Spindle fibers attach to centromere Nuclear envelope/membrane is gone.
Centromere splits at the center of the chromosomes. Chromatids move away from each other. Spindles pull chromatids apart The nuclear envelope/membrane still absent
Telophase 4 phase
th
Chromosomes begin to disappear. Spindle fibers disappear Two new nuclear envelopes/membrane s begin to form Nucleoli reappear. reverse prophase
Cytokinesis
Division of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Forms two new Daughter cells
Mitosis - Overview
Interphase
Early Prophase
Late Prophase
Metaphase
Early Anaphase
Telophase - Cytokinesis
Telophase - Cytokinesis
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus (nuclear division) produces 2 identical nuclei. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm produces 2 cells.
in G1, how many chromosomes will there be in each daughter cell following a mitotic cell division?
16
4.
What are the genetic consequences of mitotic cell division for the resulting daughter cells?
Every cell is genetically identical to each other. Produces 2 identical nuclei, each with the same number and types of chromsomes as the parent cell.
6.
How do plant and animal cells differ in the execution of cytokinesis? Why dont plant cells undergo cytokinesis in the same manner as animal cells?
During cytokinesis plant cells form a cell plate while animal cells form a cleavage furrow. Plant cell has a rigid cell wall
Moving On
7. List several important values or attributes that mitotic cell division provides to multicellular life. In other words, in what ways is mitotic cell division useful for life?
8. List the 4 stages of the cell cycle and describe the primary cellular activity in each stage.
Cell Division
Reproduction
Equal distribution of genetic material to two daughter cells
A singlecelled eukaryote (amoeba) reproduces Sand dollar embryo after the egg divided to form 2 cells
Growth
Sexually reproducing organisms develop from a single cell (zygote)
Repair
Replace cells that die from normal wear and tear or accidents
More.
1. How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis? 2. How does the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell compare with the number of chromosomes in the original parent cell after mitosis? 3. When are chromosomes replicated? 4. During cytokinesis plant cells form a
ANSWERS:
1. How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis? 2 2.How does the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell compare with the number of chromosomes in the original parent cell after mitosis? Same number and type of chromosomes. 3. When are chromosomes replicated? Interphase, specifically S-phase 4.During cytokinesis plant cells form a cell
Meiosis Two rounds of cell division In humans, each daughter cell has 23 chromosomes
ANIMATION OF MEIOSIS
PUNNETT SQUARE: Monohybrid Cross- single trait factor EXAMPLE : seed shape round (RR) is dominant over wrinkled (rr) Problem: Predict the outcome of a cross when a homozygous dominant round pea is cross with a homozygous wrinkled pea plant R R r Rr Rr
Rr
Rr
GR: 100 % Rr
Dihybrid Cross: two factor cross Seed Shape: Round (RR). Wrinkled Seed Color: yellow (YY) and green (yy) Parents genotype: RrYy x RrYy
Gametes RY Ry rY
RY
Ry
rY
ry
RRYY RRYy
RRYy RRyy
RrYY RrYy
RrYY ry RrYy
RrYy Rryy
rrYY rrYy
A or O A or AB
Tell me and I will forget, Show me and I might remember, Involve me and I will understand.
Chinese Proverb
Thank You