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Atomic Weights

You must be able to


Describe the mole as the SI unit for amount of substance

Relate amount of substance to relative atomic mass


Describe relationship between the mole and Avogadros number Conceptualise the magnitude of Avogadros number Describe the relationship between molar mass and relative molecular mass Calculate the molar mass of a substance given its formula

THE NEUTRAL ATOM


The atom consists of a . containing protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of . Atomic Number (Z) Number of . in the Nucleus (= number of electrons in a neutral atom.) Mass number (A) = Number of protons + neutrons.

Notation
. Number (bigger) . .. Number (smaller) .

A Z

symbol

Neutrons =

Relative Mass Atomic


Certain products, such as paper for example, are sold by the ream. A ream is 500 sheets. Since it is impractical to actually count out 500 sheets, the weight (mass) of 500 sheets is determined; then each ream is packaged according to this mass. Atoms are even smaller than paper, so it is not possible to actually count them. However, it is possible to know the mass of an atom in respect to the mass of another atom. The Relative mass of an object is expressed by comparing it mathematically to the mass of another object. So the relative mass of an orange in relation to a grapefruit is .6. The relative mass of the grapefruit in relation to a grapefruit is 1.0.

Atoms are compared to the lightest atom (hydrogen) which is 12 times lighter (1/12 of the mass of) one carbon atom. THE RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS IS THE NUMBER OF TIMES AN ATOM IS HEAVIER THAN 1/12 OF A C12 ATOM.

The Mole
The mole is defined as, the amount of .. with the same number of particles as .. grams of carbon 12. (n used as symbol for moles)

602 300 000 000 000 000 000 000


Six hundred and two thousand, three hundred, billion billion !

6.023x1023 particles

12.00

Symbol (.)

Number of particles = no of moles x no. particles in a mole

Particles = ..

The Carbon Standard


Carbon-12 is the standard upon which the relative mass of other atoms is determined. It wasnt always this way. At first hydrogen was used and it was assigned the atomic mass of one. If you have equal numbers of nitrogen atoms and hydrogen atoms, the nitrogen atoms are 14 times heavier than the hydrogen atoms. Therefore, nitrogen was assigned the atomic number of 14. Later oxygen was used as the standard with an atomic mass of 16. However, carbon-12 proved to be more convenient to capture and measure in pure form, so it became the standard. However, now even carbon-12 is slowly losing its position as standard, as sophisticated equipment makes it possible to give even more accurate measures of atomic mass. For this reason you will notice that on the periodic table the AMUs are not expressed as exact relative units to carbon-12.

The Mole and Mass


The mole is defined in such a way that the MASS NUMBER (A) of an element is equal to the relative atomic mass mass of one mole of the substance. (in grams) - THE MOLAR MASS

Periodic Table Symbol


Mass Number (bigger) protons + neutrons Atomic Number (smaller)

A Z

Relative atomic mass or mass(g) of one mole

Eg Na = 23g/mol, water(H2O)=18g/mol

Relative Masses
Relative atomic(Ar) - The mass of the atom relative to 1/12 of the mass of a C12 atom. (Number of times heavier than) O - 16 one atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than 1/12 of the mass of a C12 atom, Na - 23 one atom of sodium , H - 1 etc. Formula mass (Mr) - The sum of all the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. Water H2O one molecule of water has a relative mass of (2x(1)+16) = 18 - that is the molecular or formula mass of water. Mr(H2O) = 18 (Times heavier than)

Atomic Structure
Symbol Notation Name Calcium
31 P 15

Protons

Neutrons

Mass Number

Electrons

14

30 13 6

Mg

ISOTOPES
Symbol PROTONS ELECTRONS NEUTRONS

Carbon 12 Carbon 13 Boron 10 Boron 11

12 13

6C 6C

5B 10 11 5B

Hydrogen 1
Hydrogen 2

Chlorine 35
Chlorine 37

Relative Masses - examples


Calculate the Relative Atomic Mass of: O2 (oxygen gas) Cl2 (chlorine gas) NaCl (sodium chloride - table salt) H2SO4 Sulphuric acid CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) (NH4)2Cr2O7 (ammonium dichromate)

Isotopes
Isotopes - Atoms of the same element which have different numbers of neutrons. Eg: 613C & 612C
6 13C 6 12C

6 protons 6 electrons 13-6 = 7 neutrons

6 protons

6 electrons
12-6 = 6 neutrons

Relative atomic mass is (actually) the average mass (of all the isotopes in a random sample) of the atoms of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-twelve atom.

Isotopes
Chlorine has two isotopes 3717Cl & 3517Cl Cl(35) has 35-17=18neutrons Cl(37) has 20 neutrons! 37Cl (25%) & 35Cl (75%) - exist in the ratio 1:3
Calculate the average mass of a Cl atom. (Two methods)

Relative Atomic Mass


Periodic Table Symbol
Mass Number (bigger) protons + neutrons Atomic Number (smaller)

A Z

mass(g) of one mole mass of substance = number of moles x mass of 1 mole


Calculate: The mass in grams 1. of one mole of copper chloride (CuCl2) 2. one mole of carbon dioxide (CO2) 3. One and a half moles of oxygen (O2) 4. TWO moles of methane (CH4) 5. Four moles of water.

Relative atomic mass or

m = n x Mr

Relative Atomic Mass


Calculate: The mass in grams

1. of one mole of copper chloride (CuCl2)


2. one mole of carbon dioxide (CO2) 3. 1.5 mole of oxygen (O2) 4. TWO moles of methane (CH4) 5. Four moles of water.

The Mole - moles --> Mass


mass = moles x relative mass Calculate the mass of 2 moles of copper oxide (CuO)

m = n x Mr

0.5 moles of copper (II) sulphate (CuSO4)

0.01 moles of calcium carbonate

5 moles of ammonium carbonate

The Mole - Mass --> Moles


n = m/Mr Eg calculate the number of moles of water that would have a mass of 100g. How many moles of iron (II) chloride are in 50 g of iron (II) chloride? Calculate the number of moles needed to get1kg of calcium carbonate.

How many moles of CuSO4.5H2O would give you 0.1g of water?

The Mole - Mass --> Moles


n = m/Mr Eg calculate the number of moles of water that would have a mass of 100g. How many moles of iron (II) chloride are in 50 g of iron (II) chloride? Calculate the number of moles needed to get1kg of calcium carbonate.

How many moles of CuSO4.5H2O would give you 0.1g of water?

The Mole - Mass/Moles-->Mr


Mr = m/n
0.01mol of a substance X has a mass of 0.5g. What is the molecular mass of substance X?
Mr = m/n =(0.5/o.o1) = 50 g.mol-1 if X is an element then it could be Vanadium. (V)

The Mole & Mass --> Relative Mass


n = m/Mr = 5.56 mol Eg Calculate the relative mass of a compound for which 0.001 moles have a mass of 0,0056 g. What is the relative mass of a compound for which 0.01 mols has a mass of 0.18g Identify the element for which 0.05 moles has a mass of 0.16 g ?

Mr (X) = m/n = 0.0056/0.001 = 5.6 g/mol

The Mole - Mass --> Moles


n = m/Mr = 5.56 mol Eg Calculate the relative mass of a compound for which 0.001 moles have a mass of 0,0056 g. What is the relative mass of a compound for which 0.01 mols has a mass of 0.18g

Identify the element for which 0.05 moles has a mass of 0.16 g ?

Mr (X) = m/n = 0.0056/0.001 = 5.6 g/mol

The Mole - Reactions


Sodium reacts with water to form hydrogen and sodium hydroxide according to the equation. Na + H2O H2 + NaOH If 46g of sodium are reacted with excess water what mass of hydrogen would be formed? 1. Balance the reaction 2. 3. Work out moles of reactant GIVEN. Go through the equation to find out the number of moles reacting and being formed. (Molar ratio).

4.

Work out quantity asked for.

The Mole - Reactions


Sodium reacts with water to form hydrogen and sodium hydroxide according to the equation. Na + H2O H2 + NaOH If 46g of sodium are reacted with excess water what mass of hydrogen would be formed? 1. Balance the reaction 2. 3. Work out moles of reactant GIVEN. Go through the equation to find out the number of moles reacting and being formed. (Molar ratio).

4.

Work out quantity asked for.

The Mole - mass calculations


Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide as shown. If 0.12g of carbon are reacted with excess oxygen what mass of carbon dioxide would be formed? 1. 2. 3. 4. Balance the reaction Work out moles of reactant(mass given). Go through the equation to find out the number of moles being formed 4. Work out quantity asked for.

C + O2 CO2

Reactions Limiting reagent


The reagent that runs out first and stops the reaction is known as the LIMITING REAGENT. If 46g of sodium are reacted with excess water what mass of hydrogen would be formed?

Na
46g 2 moles

H2O H2 + NaOH
XS

Na will run out first Na is LIMITING REAGENT What is the minimum amount of water needed to react completely with 46g of sodium??

Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 1. Na + Cl2 NaCl Calculate the mass of salt formed if 2.3g of sodium is reacted with XS chlorine. 2. Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H2 What mass of HCl is needed to produce 100g of hydrogen? 3. KClO3 KCl + O2 What mass of oxygen is produced from 1kg of potassium chlorate?

4. Fe2O3 + H2 Fe + H2O What mass of iron is produced if 3g of rust (Fe2O3) is reacted with XS(100g )of hydrogen?

Percentage Composition
Analysis of a compound by mass makes it possible to work out the % mass of each element. eg Table salt: NaCl mass analysis:
One mole of NaCl would have a mass of 23 + 35.5 = 58.5g The % composition can be found using the formula: Mass element X x100 % Mass Element X = Total Mass Compound %Na = [../ (..) ]x100 = ..% (by mass) %Cl = (../ (.) )x100 = %

Percentage Composition from mass.


Eg2 Calculate the % of oxygen in water.

Empirical and Molecular Formula.


A compound consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. The % by mass are Carbon 40.0% and 6.7% hydrogen. Calculate the empirical and molecular formula of the compound if Mr = 60gmol-1

%(O) = 100 (40+6.7) = 53.3

C
In 100g: n=m/Mr: .g
/

H
..g
6.7/ .

O
.g
53.3/

. Simplest:

.. . .

Empirical Formulae: . (12+2+16 = ..)

Molecular Formula: 2(CH2O) (Mr = . X 30)

Empirical and Molecular Formula.


O

C H3C OH

CH3COOH or C2H4O2

Mr: 2(12)+4(1)+2(16)=60g.mol-1
%C: (24/60)x100 = 40.0% %H: (4/60)x100 = 6.7%

%O: (32/60)x100 = 53.3%

Empirical and Molecular Formulae.


Eg3. If a compound consisting of nitrogen and oxygen only - contains 30.4% by mass of nitrogen. What is the molecular formula of the compound? >>

Molar Volumes
One mole of an ideal (ANY) gas occupies a volume of .3 at temperature and pressure. (STP)

STP: T= .C, K

P =1 atmosphere (...kPa) n = ./..

moles = volume/molar volume ==>

Fe2O3 + 3H2 2Fe + 3H2O


What volume of hydrogen reacts with 50g of Fe2O3 n(Fe2O3) = m/Mr = .= mol

Fe2O3 : H2 : .. n(H2) =..n(Fe2O3) = v(H2) = dm3

Concentration - Molarity
The concentration of a solution is defined as the . of
per . (dm3) of .
Final volume of

..
solute

500cm3

solute

30g of NaCl

Amount of (.) Concentration = Volume of

n C= v

Volume Conversions
1 dm3 (1 litre)

10 cm3 1cm3 10 cm3

10 cm3 1 dm = .. cm 1 dm3 = cm3 1 m3 = .. dm3 = .cm3 (10.)

Decimal Conversions
King Henry Died a miserable death called measles

Kilo
1000

Hecta
100

Decca
10

m(unit)
1

deci
1/ 10

centi
1/ 100

milli
1/ 1000

Mole Calculations
GIVEN MASS VOLUME MOLAR MOLES RATIO ASKED MASS VOLUME

MOLES

CONCENTRATION

Number Of particles

Number CONCENTRATION Of particles

Standard Solution
A standard solution is one for
which the concentration is .. known.

KMnO4
2.45g

Since
c=

n()/v(..)

Mass is determined accurately using an electronic ... Possible accuracies of 0.1 0.0001g

= (m/Mr

)V

Volume is measured using a 2. flask. These values must be 250 cm3 determined. 100 cm3, 200 cm3,
1. The number of moles of solute (Mass) The volume of solution.

YOU NEED TO KNOW

Weighing Technique
Procedure - Weighing by difference.
1. 2. 3. Zero scales and clean the pan. Weigh the weighing container. Add (approximately) the required amount of salt. Take care not to drop any salt onto the pan. Transfer the salt to a clean beaker. Reweigh the weighing container. Subtract the final mass of the container from the mass of salt and container to give the mass of salt transferred to the beaker.
2.45g

KMnO4

4. 5. 6.

Mass is determined accurately using an balance (electronic or triple beam). Possible accuracies of 0.1 0.0001g

Results: Mass salt + container: Final Mass container: Mass salt transferred:

Volume - Volume Calculations


1. 2. 3. 4. Balance the equation Calculate the moles of the substance given. Work through the molar ratio to find out the moles of the substance asked. Calculate the quantity asked for. (Volume V = n x Mv) Mv = 22.4dm3 At STP

EG:

If 3.00 dm3 of nitrogen are reacted to produce ammonia, what volume of hydrogen will be required? (At STP)

H2 + N2 --> NH3

Volume - Volume Calculations


H2 + N2 --> NH3
If 3.00 dm3 of nitrogen are reacted to produce ammonia, what volume of hydrogen will be required? (At STP)

Mass Volume Calculations


1. KClO3 KCl + O2 What volume of oxygen is produced by the decomposition of 1kg of potassium chlorate? 2. H2 + N2 --> NH3 How much nitrogen (in dm3) would be needed to produce 46dm3 of ammonia? 3. S + O2 --> SO2 What volume of sulphur dioxide could be produced from 20.0dm3 of oxygen? 4. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 What mass of zinc is needed to produce 100dm3 of hydrogen? 5. Fe2O3 + H2 Fe + H2O If 3.00kg of iron oxide is reacted with 0.256dm3 of hydrogen, what mass of water would be produced?

Mixed example
Ammonia gas is made by reacting ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide according to:

NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 NH3 + CaCl2 + H2O


If 32.1 g of ammonium chloride reacts with 500 cm3 of a 0.75 M calcium hydroxide solution, Show by calculation; which is the limiting reagent, what volume of ammonia is produced at S.T.P in m3 and how many hydroxide ions are left after the reaction?

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