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Notation
. Number (bigger) . .. Number (smaller) .
A Z
symbol
Neutrons =
Atoms are compared to the lightest atom (hydrogen) which is 12 times lighter (1/12 of the mass of) one carbon atom. THE RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS IS THE NUMBER OF TIMES AN ATOM IS HEAVIER THAN 1/12 OF A C12 ATOM.
The Mole
The mole is defined as, the amount of .. with the same number of particles as .. grams of carbon 12. (n used as symbol for moles)
6.023x1023 particles
12.00
Symbol (.)
Particles = ..
A Z
Eg Na = 23g/mol, water(H2O)=18g/mol
Relative Masses
Relative atomic(Ar) - The mass of the atom relative to 1/12 of the mass of a C12 atom. (Number of times heavier than) O - 16 one atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than 1/12 of the mass of a C12 atom, Na - 23 one atom of sodium , H - 1 etc. Formula mass (Mr) - The sum of all the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. Water H2O one molecule of water has a relative mass of (2x(1)+16) = 18 - that is the molecular or formula mass of water. Mr(H2O) = 18 (Times heavier than)
Atomic Structure
Symbol Notation Name Calcium
31 P 15
Protons
Neutrons
Mass Number
Electrons
14
30 13 6
Mg
ISOTOPES
Symbol PROTONS ELECTRONS NEUTRONS
12 13
6C 6C
5B 10 11 5B
Hydrogen 1
Hydrogen 2
Chlorine 35
Chlorine 37
Isotopes
Isotopes - Atoms of the same element which have different numbers of neutrons. Eg: 613C & 612C
6 13C 6 12C
6 protons
6 electrons
12-6 = 6 neutrons
Relative atomic mass is (actually) the average mass (of all the isotopes in a random sample) of the atoms of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-twelve atom.
Isotopes
Chlorine has two isotopes 3717Cl & 3517Cl Cl(35) has 35-17=18neutrons Cl(37) has 20 neutrons! 37Cl (25%) & 35Cl (75%) - exist in the ratio 1:3
Calculate the average mass of a Cl atom. (Two methods)
A Z
m = n x Mr
m = n x Mr
Identify the element for which 0.05 moles has a mass of 0.16 g ?
4.
4.
C + O2 CO2
Na
46g 2 moles
H2O H2 + NaOH
XS
Na will run out first Na is LIMITING REAGENT What is the minimum amount of water needed to react completely with 46g of sodium??
Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 1. Na + Cl2 NaCl Calculate the mass of salt formed if 2.3g of sodium is reacted with XS chlorine. 2. Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H2 What mass of HCl is needed to produce 100g of hydrogen? 3. KClO3 KCl + O2 What mass of oxygen is produced from 1kg of potassium chlorate?
4. Fe2O3 + H2 Fe + H2O What mass of iron is produced if 3g of rust (Fe2O3) is reacted with XS(100g )of hydrogen?
Percentage Composition
Analysis of a compound by mass makes it possible to work out the % mass of each element. eg Table salt: NaCl mass analysis:
One mole of NaCl would have a mass of 23 + 35.5 = 58.5g The % composition can be found using the formula: Mass element X x100 % Mass Element X = Total Mass Compound %Na = [../ (..) ]x100 = ..% (by mass) %Cl = (../ (.) )x100 = %
C
In 100g: n=m/Mr: .g
/
H
..g
6.7/ .
O
.g
53.3/
. Simplest:
.. . .
C H3C OH
CH3COOH or C2H4O2
Mr: 2(12)+4(1)+2(16)=60g.mol-1
%C: (24/60)x100 = 40.0% %H: (4/60)x100 = 6.7%
Molar Volumes
One mole of an ideal (ANY) gas occupies a volume of .3 at temperature and pressure. (STP)
STP: T= .C, K
Concentration - Molarity
The concentration of a solution is defined as the . of
per . (dm3) of .
Final volume of
..
solute
500cm3
solute
30g of NaCl
n C= v
Volume Conversions
1 dm3 (1 litre)
Decimal Conversions
King Henry Died a miserable death called measles
Kilo
1000
Hecta
100
Decca
10
m(unit)
1
deci
1/ 10
centi
1/ 100
milli
1/ 1000
Mole Calculations
GIVEN MASS VOLUME MOLAR MOLES RATIO ASKED MASS VOLUME
MOLES
CONCENTRATION
Number Of particles
Standard Solution
A standard solution is one for
which the concentration is .. known.
KMnO4
2.45g
Since
c=
n()/v(..)
Mass is determined accurately using an electronic ... Possible accuracies of 0.1 0.0001g
= (m/Mr
)V
Volume is measured using a 2. flask. These values must be 250 cm3 determined. 100 cm3, 200 cm3,
1. The number of moles of solute (Mass) The volume of solution.
Weighing Technique
Procedure - Weighing by difference.
1. 2. 3. Zero scales and clean the pan. Weigh the weighing container. Add (approximately) the required amount of salt. Take care not to drop any salt onto the pan. Transfer the salt to a clean beaker. Reweigh the weighing container. Subtract the final mass of the container from the mass of salt and container to give the mass of salt transferred to the beaker.
2.45g
KMnO4
4. 5. 6.
Mass is determined accurately using an balance (electronic or triple beam). Possible accuracies of 0.1 0.0001g
Results: Mass salt + container: Final Mass container: Mass salt transferred:
EG:
If 3.00 dm3 of nitrogen are reacted to produce ammonia, what volume of hydrogen will be required? (At STP)
H2 + N2 --> NH3
Mixed example
Ammonia gas is made by reacting ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide according to: