Welding Symbols & Weld Preparations

TWI CSWIP 3.
1 WIS 5 WELDING INSPECTION WELDING SYMBOLS AND WELD PREPARATION

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd
World Centre for Materials Joining Technology
Weld symbols on drawings

Joints may be indicated: - by detailed sketches, showing every dimension
- by symbolic representation

A method of transferring information from the design office to the workshop is: Please weld here
The above information does not tell us much about the wishes of the designer. We obviously need some sort of code which would be understood by everyone. Most countries have their own standards for symbols.
Some of them are BS 499 Part 2, AWS A2.4 &

BS EN 22553 (ISO 2553)

Advantages of symbolic representation: simple and quick plotting on the drawing does not over-burden the drawing no need for additional view gives all necessary indications regarding the specific joint to be obtained Disadvantages of symbolic representation: used only for usual joints requires training for properly understanding of symbols

Usually, the symbolic representation includes: an arrow line a reference line an elementary symbol The elementary symbol may be completed by: a supplementary symbol a means of showing dimensions some complementary indications
Weld elementary symbols

Various categories of joints are characterised by an elementary symbol. This symbol is similar to the shape of the weld to be made.
Weld type Square butt weld Sketch Symbol
Single V butt weld

Weld type Single-V butt weld with broad root face Single bevel butt weld Single bevel butt weld with broad root face Backing run
Sketch
Symbol

Weld type Single-U butt weld Single-J butt weld Surfacing Sketch Symbol
Fillet weld
Arrow line
Convention of the arrow line (BS EN & AWS):
a) Shall touch the joint intersection b) Shall not be parallel to the drawing c) Shall point towards a single plate preparation (when only one plate has preparation)
Reference line
Convention of the reference line AWS A 2.4
a) Shall touch the arrow line
b) Shall be parallel to the bottom of the drawing
Reference line
Convention of the reference line (BS EN ISO 22553):
a) Shall touch the arrow line
b) Shall be parallel to the bottom of the drawing

c) There shall be a further broken line above or beneath the reference line (Not necessary where the weld is symmetrical!) or
AWS A 2.4 rules

Welds on arrow side of joint go underneath the reference line while welds the other side of the joint, go on top of the reference line Symbols with a vertical line component must be drawn with the vertical line to the left side of the symbol All CSA dimensions are shown to the left of the symbol All linear dimensions are shown on the right of the symbol i.e. number of welds, length of welds, length of any spaces
Included angle and root opening are shown on top of the symbol
AWS A 2.4 rules-example
10
3 x 50 (70)
70
50
10
BS EN 22553 rules
Welds this side of joint, go on the unbroken reference line while welds the other side of the joint, go on the broken reference line Symbols with a vertical line component must be drawn with the vertical line to the left side of the symbol
All CSA dimensions are shown to the left of the symbol

All linear dimensions are shown on the right of the symbol i.e. number of welds, length of welds, length of any spaces Included angle and root opening are shown on top of the symbol
BS EN 22553 rules - example

All leg lengths shall be preceded by z and throat by a or s (in case of deep penetration welds) z 10 3 x 50 (50)
50
50 10
Fillet welds
Fillet weld dimensions according AWS A 2.4
8
8
5x8
5 8
5 leg on vertical member
Fillet welds
Fillet weld dimensions according BS EN 22553
z8
8
or
z8
a 5 (z 8)
5 8
or
a 5 (z 8)
Intermittent fillet welds

Chain intermittent fillet weld pitch (e) length (l) a
z z
nl(e) nl(e) or
a a
nl(e) nl(e)
Symbol to BS EN 22553

Chain intermittent fillet weld pitch (e) length (l)
z z
l-e l-e
Symbol to AWS A2.4


Staggered intermittent fillet weld pitch (e) length (l) a
z z
nl (e) nl (e) or
a a
nl (e) nl (e)
Symbol to BS EN 22553

Staggered intermittent fillet weld
pitch (e) e/2 length (l)
z z
l-e l-e
Symbol to AWS A2.4

Supplementary symbols
Supplementary weld symbols Toes to be ground smoothly (BS EN only)
Site Weld
Concave or Convex Weld all round
Supplementary symbols
Supplementary weld symbols Ground flush Welding process numerical BS EN M Permanent backing strip 111
MR Removable backing strip
Further supplementary information, such as WPS number, or NDT may be placed in the fish tail
Double side weld symbols

Representation of welds done from both sides of the joint intersection, touched by the arrow head
Fillet weld
Double bevel
Double J
Double V
Double U

Example:
Produce a drawing giving symbols for the weld given as shown below to the specification AWS A2.4 Weld Drawing MMA
Symbol Drawing

Example:
Draw the symbols for the weld given as shown below to the specification BS EN 22553 Weld drawing MMA
Symbol Drawing
111

Student symbols exercise
Complete a symbols drawing for the welded joint given below to AWS A2.4 & BS EN 22553
7 10 35 15 20 30
All fillet weld leg lengths are 10 mm


Solution AWS A2.4
10 30 20 10 10 35 15 10

Solution BS EN 22553
z 10 s 30 s 20 z 10 a 7 z 10 s 35 s 15 z 10
Weld preparations
The purposes of a weld preparation is to allow access for the welding process, penetration and fusion through the area of the joint and its faces
The basic rule is this:

The more you take out, then the more you must put back in!
This has major effects on economics and distortion control!

Weld preparation
Weld preparation depend on: welding process preparation method available
access
type of joint type of parent material
thickness
welding position in-service type of loading Weld preparation for arc welding - see BS EN 29692!
Weld preparation
Welding process impacts upon weld preparation
Arc welding
EBW
Weld preparation
Welding process impacts upon weld preparation
MMA
MAG
high heat input process allow a larger root face, less weld metal required, less distortions, higher productivity
if gap is too big risk of possible burn-through if gap is too small risk of lack of penetration
Weld preparation
Preparation method impacts upon weld preparation
Requires machining slow and expensive

Tight tolerance easier set-up
Can be flame/plasma cut fast and cheap Large tolerance set-up can be difficult
Weld preparation
Preparation method impacts upon weld preparation
Variations in cutting line
Variations in cutting angle
Root face too large lack of penetration Root face too small burnthrough
Included angle too large heavy distortions, increase amount of filler metal required Included angle too small lack of penetration, lack of side wall fusion
Weld preparation
Preparation method impacts upon weld preparation - corrective measures
No root face
Backing strip (6 mm or more, same material)
Root face too large
Recut groove preparation Increase root gap and use backing strip
Weld preparation
Preparation method impacts upon weld preparation - corrective measures
Too big/too small included angle
Recut groove preparation Increase root gap and use backing strip
Warning! Backing strips give a built-in crevice
susceptible to corrosion
give a lower fatigue life
Weld preparations
Access impacts upon weld preparation
Weld preparations
Access impacts upon weld preparation
Weld preparations
Access impacts upon weld preparation Pipe weld preparation - one side access only!
for wall thickness up to 3 mm for wall thickness 3 to 20 mm for wall thickness over 20 mm
Weld preparations
Access impacts upon weld preparation Pipe weld preparation - one side access only! self-adjusting items no danger of burn-through susceptible to corrosion lower fatigue life
To ensure minimum root mismatch, the internal bore is sometimes machined with a low angled bevel
Weld preparations
Type of joint impacts upon weld preparation corner joints require offset
offset
danger of burn-through difficult to set-up

easy set-up
no burn-through
Weld preparations
Type of joint impacts upon weld preparation lap and square edge butt joints do not require preparation
Bevel angle = 30
Included angle = 60
Included angle = Bevel angle = 50
Weld preparations
Type of parent material impacts upon weld preparation
to reduce distortions on stainless steels welds, reduce included angle and increase root face
to avoid lack of side wall fusion problems aluminium require larger included angles than steel 70-90 60 30 35-45
Steel
Aluminium
Weld preparations
Thickness of parent material impacts upon weld preparation a single bevel groove requires a volume of weld metal proportional to the square of plate thickness its lack of symmetry lead to distortions
Reduce shrinkage by: reduce weld volume use single pass welding
Weld preparations
Thickness of parent material impacts upon weld preparation
Reduce weld volume by:

reduce included angle
reduce root gap
Weld preparations

increase root face
use double bevel weld prep
Weld preparations

use U prep instead V prep
U prep better than V prep V prep better than U prep

Weld preparations
Thickness of parent material impacts upon weld preparation Reduce distortions by using an asymmetric V prep instead of a symmetric V prep
t/3
t
weld first into deeper side

after welding half of depth, root back gouging weld completely on backside complete welding on first side
Weld preparation
Welding position impacts upon weld preparation
60
30 60
15
PF symmetric preparation
PC asymmetric preparation
If symmetric preparation is used in the PC position the weld may spill out of the groove
Weld preparation
Type of loading impacts upon weld preparation Static loads - prohibited application of one sided fillet weld
Weld preparation
Type of loading impacts upon weld preparation Static loads - equal throat T joints 13 mm 13 mm 60
weld area = 160 mm2

no preparation required danger of lamellar tearing
weld area = 90 mm2

preparation required reduced distortions
Weld preparation
Type of loading impacts upon weld preparation Static loads - equal throat T beams in bending neutral axis
neutral axis
normal fillet deep penetration welds fillet welds Lower neutral axis is more advantageous (also helps to reduce residual distortions!)
Weld preparation
Type of loading impacts upon weld preparation Dynamic loads - full vs. partial penetration welds
cyclic load
fillet welds
double bevel weld
Lack of penetration promotes cracking!


Welding Symbols & Weld Preparations

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TWI CSWIP 3.

1 WIS 5 WELDING INSPECTION WELDING SYMBOLS AND WELD PREPARATION

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Weld symbols on drawings

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Weld symbols on drawings

Some of them are BS 499 Part 2, AWS A2.4 &

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Weld symbols on drawings

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Weld symbols on drawings

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Weld elementary symbols

Single V butt weld

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Weld elementary symbols

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Weld elementary symbols

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

b) Shall be parallel to the bottom of the drawing

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

AWS A 2.4 rules

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

AWS A 2.4 rules-example

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

All CSA dimensions are shown to the left of the symbol

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

BS EN 22553 rules - example

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

5 leg on vertical member

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Intermittent fillet welds

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Intermittent fillet welds

Symbol to AWS A2.4

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Intermittent fillet welds

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Intermittent fillet welds

Symbol to AWS A2.4

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Concave or Convex Weld all round

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

MR Removable backing strip

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Double side weld symbols

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Weld symbols on drawings

Copyright 2004, TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Weld symbols on drawings