Presentation on FREE GOVERNOR MODE OPERATION

FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION

ROLE WHY FREQ ABT COMPARISION & GOVERNOR MAY-02 & MAY-03 GOVERNOR RESPONSE IN NER GOVERNOR TYPES

BEFORE GOVERNOR

BLOCKED GOVERNOR

GOVERNOR

CHARACTERISTICS

DEAD BAND

GOVERNOR TIME LAG

TIME DELAY

FREQUENCY DECAY RATE

BACKLASH DROOP TYPES OF CONTROLS ADVANTAGES UCPE/NERC

DROOP RESPONSE IN SR

PROBLEMS FREQUENCY BASED DISPATCH PID CONTROL FREQUENCY BASED DISPATCH

LIST OF GENERATORS SUPPRESSED GOVERNOR ACTION ORDERS

PTI TAPE

ORDERS
IEGC 1.6 IEGC 6.2 (e) & 6.2(f) IEGC 6.2 (g)
FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION

IEGC 6.2 (h)

CERC ORDER ON WB dt 02/01/01

KERALA LETTER ON FGM

ROLE OF SYSTEM OPERATOR

LOAD GENERATION BALANCE
50

WHY DOES FREQUENCY DROP ?

Sudden addition of load causes a drop in frequency. An increased load is supplied through an increase in the load angle by which the rotor lags the stator field. It means a loss of Kinetic Energy of the rotating M/c and a slower speed of rotation i.e. a lower frequency. f = (P/2) X (N/60) Where f = frequency of the system P = no of poles of the M/c. N = rpm of the M/c.

PRIMARY CONTROLS
Load dependent on frequency

Free Governor Operation

Under Frequency Operation

PRIMARY CONTROL (UCPE)

Primary control involves the action of turbine speed governors in generating units, which will respond where the speed (frequency) deviates from the speed (frequency) set point as a result of an imbalance between generation and demand in the synchronously interconnected network as a whole. Technical solidarity between members will involve the simultaneous action of primary control on all generating units involved in system control.

PRIMARY CONTROL (UCPE)

The various assumptions, characteristics and parameters applied to primary control are as follows: The maximum instantaneous deviation P between generation and demand to be corrected by primary control is 2000 MW For the whole system, with a peak load of the order of 20000 MW and an off-peak load of the order of 12000 MW, assuming 1% self-regulation of load, the quasi-steadystate frequency deviation must not exceed 180 mHz and the instantaneous frequency must not fall below 49.2 Hz in response to a shortfall in generation capacity equal to or less than 2000 MW. The overall network power frequency characteristic for the system is set at 1000 MW/Hz

FREQUENCY RESPONSE (NERC)

NERC

ABT AND GOVERNOR

POST ABT FREQUENCY WITHIN 49 TO 50.5HZ

ACHIEVED BY STAGGERING OF LOADS

FLUCTUATION IN FREQUENCY INCREASED

FREQUENCY COMPARISON FOR

04-MARCH 02 & 03
51.50 51.00 50.50 50.00 49.50 49.00 48.50 48.00 47.50 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

2003

2002

2003 2002

Frequency Variation based on data integrated over ONE minute interval 49.0 & 49.5 & 50.5 & <49.0 Max Min Avg FVI <49.5 <50.5 Above 1.6 19.7 78.1 0.6 50.85 48.56 49.65 1.86 98.1 0.3 1.2 0.4 50.62 47.76 48.02 40.25

St. Dev 0.26 0.32

HUMAN GOVERNOR OPERATION

TG

SYSTEM

GOVERNOR

GOVERNOR
SPEED GOVERNOR IS THE CONTROLLING MECHANISM WHICH

CONTROLS THE INPUT TO THE PRIME MOVER AUTOMATICALLY WHEN THERE IS A CHANGE IN SYSTEM SPEED (FREQUENCY)

WHEN THERE IS A CHANGE IN SYSTEM FREQUENCY GOVERNOR

RESPONSE BY CAUSING VALVES/GATES TO OPEN/CLOSE TO

INCREASE/DECREASE THE INPUT TO THE PRIME MOVER

MISCONCEPTION
Governors attempt to restore frequency to normal.

In reality, Governors attempt to restore load generation balance, using frequency change as a signal.

CHARACTERISTICS
1. 2. Respond promptly to a small change in speed. Adjust the throttle valve with a minimum of overshoot. Have sufficient power to overcome friction losses and unbalance forces in the throttle valve. Permit very little speed fluctuation under constant load and steam conditions.

3. 4.

TYPES OF GOVERNORS
Mechanical

shaft Direct acting orifice Oil relay Precision oil relay Electronic governor

DEAD BAND
DEAD BAND OF THE SPEED GOVERNORING SYSTEM IS THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF CHANGE IN STEADY STATE SPEED WITHIN WHICH THERE IS NO ACTION BY GOVERNOR.

Turbine rated output MW < 5MW

Dead band percent of rated speed 0.15

IN 50HZ BASE

0.075HZ

5 to 30mw

0.10

0.050HZ

> 30mw

0.06

0.030HZ

IEC - 45

DROOP CHARACTERISTICS
THE AMOUNT OF SPEED (OR FREQUENCY) CHANGE THAT IS NECESSARY TO CAUSE THE MAIN PRIME MOVER CONTROL MECHANISM TO MOVE FROM FULLY CLOSED TO FULLY OPEN.

NORMAL RANGE

3 TO 5%

THE MINIMUM RATE OF CHANGE OF SPEED SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 0.4 TIMES OF ITS DROOP. THE MAXIMUM RATE OF CHANGE OF SPEED SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 3 TIMES OF ITS DROOP.

5% DROOP ON 200MW GENERATOR

200

160

GENERATION IN MW --->

120

80

40

0 49 49.5 50 50.5 51 51.5

FREQ IN HZ --->

PARTICIPATION OF 5% DROOP ON 200MW & 500MW GENERATORS

600

500

GENERATION IN MW --->

400

300
100MW for 0.5HZ Frequency

200

100
40MW for 0.5HZ Frequency

0 49 49.5 50 FREQ IN HZ ---> 50.5 51 51.5

GOVERNOR DROOP 5% (500MW UNIT)

600 600

500

500

GENERATION IN MW ---->

400

300

300

200

200

100

0 0 47 47.5 48 48.5 49 49.5 50 FREQ IN HZ ---> 50.5 51 51.5 52 52.5 53

GOVERNOR DROOP 5% (210MW UNIT)

250 250

210 200

GENERATION IN MW ---->

150 125

100 85

50

0 0 47 47.5 48 48.5 49 49.5 50 FREQ IN HZ ---> 50.5 51 51.5 52 52.5 53

RESPONSE BY A 500 MW GENERATOR WITH DIFFRENT DROOP 500 450 400

400 375 500 500

350 300
MW ->
300

4 % DROOP

250 200 150

250

5 % DROOP
200

125

100 50 0 48 48.5 49 49.5

HZ->

100

50

50.5

51

51.5

GOVERNOR TIME LAG

TIME TAKEN BY GOVERNOR TO JUST BEGIN CHANGING POWER OUTPUT TO STABILISE FREQUENCY. OR TIME BETWEEN A CHANGE IN GENERATOR SPEED & CHANGE IN TURBINE POWER.

TIME DELAY IN GOVERNOR OPERATION

Dead band Valve opening 0.25 sec 0.5 sec

Steam flow

4 seconds

During transient state Governor is of little help. Effect is felt during steady state

BLOCKED GOVERNOR
BYPASSING THE GOVERNING FEEDBACK MECHANISM TO MAINTAIN FIXED GENERATOR OUTPUT.

DISADVANTAGES: SYSTEM INSTABILITY RESTORATION OF SYSTEM FREQUENCY TO NORMAL TAKES MORE TIME AFTER A DISTURBANCE.

FREQUENCY DECAY RATE

Approximate Freq Decay Rate In Hz / sec = 5 X Lost Generation -------------------------------------Remaining Generation

Example:2200MW
200MW Generation Lost

Freq decay rate = (5 X 200) / 2000 =

0.5 Hz /second

NEYVELI U-4 ON FGM ON 19/06/2003

220 50.4

FREQUENCY
210 50.2

200

50

MW->

190 49.6 180

GENERATION
170

49.4

49.2

160 11:00

11:15

11:30

11:45

12:00 TIME ->

12:15

12:30

12:45

49 13:00

HZ->

49.8

DROOP CHARACTERISTICS OF NYL U4

210

205

200

195

190

185

180

175

FREQ CHANGE 49.7 - > 50.4 0.7Hz GEN CHANGE 205 -> 177 35MW CHANGE IN GEN 28 MW FOR 0.7 Hz CHANGE IN FREQ FOR 200 MW CHANGE IN GEN FREQ CHANGE REQD = (200*0.7)/28 = 5 Hz i.e 5*100 /50 = 10% Droop

170 49.6

49.7

49.8

49.9

50

50.1

50.2

50.3

50.4

50.5

NLY U6 ON FGM ON 15/07/03

195 190 185 50.2 180 175 50 50.6

50.4

MW -->

170 165 160 155 150 145 11:30

GENERATION

49.8

49.6

FREQUENCY
49.4

49.2

11:45

12:00 TIME-->

12:15

49 12:30

HZ -->

DROOP CHARACTERISTICS OF NYL U6

195

190

185

180

175

170

165

FREQ CHANGE 49.9 - > 50.5 0.6Hz GEN CHANGE 191 -> 168 23MW CHANGE IN GEN 24 MW FOR 0.6 Hz CHANGE IN FREQ FOR 200 MW CHANGE IN GEN FREQ CHANGE REQD = (200*0.6)/24 = 5 Hz i.e 5*100 /50 = 10% Droop

160 49.8

49.9

50

50.1

50.2

50.3

50.4

50.5

50.6

50.7

IDUKKI GENERATION ON 16/07/2003

400

51

350

FREQUENCY
50.5

300

250

50

200

150

49.5

100

GENERATION
50

49

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0

48.5

FREQ ->

MW

DROOP CHARACTERSTICS OF IDUKKI

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0 49.3

49.4

49.5

49.6

49.7

49.8

49.9

50

50.1

49.1

49.2

49.3

49.4 POINT C

49.5

49.6

49.7

49.8

49.9

POINT D

POINT B

POINT A

POINT A - GENERATION LOSS

POINT B GOVERNOR ACTION STARTED

POINT C - FREQUENCY AFTER GOVERNER ACTION POINT D FREQUENCY AFTER OPERATOR ACTION

BACKLASH
The distance through which one part of connected machinery, as a

wheel, piston, or screw, can be moved without moving the connected parts.

BOILER CONTROLS
BOILER FOLLOWING SYSTEM

TURBINE FOLLOWING SYSTEM

INTEGRATED CONTROL SYSTEM

50

ADVANTAGES
1. Reduce the random change of frequency 2. Mitigate effect of load generation mismatch 3. Prevents wastage of fuel during low load condition 4. Faster restoration from grid disturbance

PROBLEMS
1. 2.

3.

4. 5.

Steam deposits on the valve stem . Lubrication deposits (i.e., soaps, dirt, detergents, etc.) in the top works of the valve exposed to the elements. Mechanical failures of the valve resulting from bent stems, either in the valve proper or the upper works, damaged split couplings, etc., all within about a 6" area near the center of the valve mechanism. Galling of the piston in the hydraulic latch cylinder. Jamming of the screw spindle in the larger cylinder-type valve design due to forcing by operations personnel

FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION

Mother of all Controls

Self healing mechanism

Collectively Control

Most equitable
Reduces risk of collapse

Makes restoration easy

World wide mandatory practice

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A VARIABLE COST = 140 Ps

210 420

200

360

GENERATION IN MW --->

190

300

180

240

170

180

STEADY STATE OPERATION

160

AT 50 HZ GEN= 190MW

120

150

60

140 49 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 50 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4

0 50.5

FREQ IN HZ --->

UI PRICE -->

OVER GENERATED BY 5%
210

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A VARIABLE COST = 140 Ps

420

FREQUENCY DIPPED TO 49.8 HZ

200

GENERATION INCREASED BY 10 MW

360

GENERATION IN MW --->

190

300

180

240

170

180

160

120

150

60

140 49 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 50 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4

0 50.5

FREQ IN HZ --->

UI PRICE -->

OVER GENERATED BY 5%
210

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A VARIABLE COST = 140 Ps

420

200

360

GENERATION IN MW --->

190

300

180

240

170

180

160

120

150

60

140 49 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 50 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4

0 50.5

FREQ IN HZ --->

UI PRICE -->

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A VARIABLE COST = 140 Ps

210 420

200

360

GENERATION IN MW --->

190

300

180

240

170

180

STEADY STATE OPERATION

160

AT 50 HZ GEN= 190MW

120

150

60

140 49 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 50 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4

0 50.5

FREQ IN HZ --->

UI PRICE -->

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A VARIABLE COST = 140 Ps

210

INITIAL
420

FREQUENCY RISE UPTO 50.2 HZ

200

GENERATION DECREASED BY 17MW

360

GENERATION IN MW --->

190

300

180

240

170

180

160

120

150

UI PRICE = 84 Ps
49 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 50 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4

60

140

0 50.5

FREQ IN HZ --->

UI PRICE -->

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION B VARIABLE COST = 70 Ps

210

INITIAL
420

FREQUENCY RISE UPTO 50.2 HZ

200

GENERATION DECREASED BY 17MW

360

GENERATION IN MW --->

190

300

180

240

170

180

160

120

150

UI PRICE = 84 Ps

60

140 49 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 50 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4

0 50.5

FREQ IN HZ --->

UI PRICE -->

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION B SINCE VARIABLE COST OF VARIABLE COST = 70 Ps

STATION B < UI PRICE
210

FINAL
420

GENERATION INCREASED BY 17MW

200 360

GENERATION IN MW --->

190

300

180

240

170

180

160

120

150

60

140 49 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 50 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4

0 50.5

FREQ IN HZ --->

UI PRICE -->

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A SINCE VARIABLE COST OF VARIABLE COST = 140 Ps
STATION A > UI PRICE
210

FINAL
420

200

GENERATION FURTHER REDUCED BY 17MW

360

GENERATION IN MW --->

190

300

180

240

170

180

160

120

150

60

140 49 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.8 49.9 50 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4

0 50.5

FREQ IN HZ --->

UI PRICE -->

PROPORTIONAL CONTROL
A simple form of control, where the controller response is proportional to the control error.

Kc

FB

Provides immediate controller response to setpoint change, but speed may not settle exactly on SP using proportional control alone

INTEGRAL CONTROL
Control action is control error integrated over time.

Kc

1/Tc

fdt

FB

Integrates the error over time to overcome the offset from Proportional alone such that speed = SP. However, Integral action may cause overshoot, oscillation and/or instability problems

PID Parameter Tuning PI only

DIFFERENTIAL CONTROL
In differential control, control action is based on the change (derivative) of the control error.

Kc

Td

df/dt

FB

Used to put the reigns on PI control to prevent overshoot and oscillation and to add stability

PID CONTROL
A form of control based on the three basic types of control: proportional, integral and differential control. PID Controllers are created by combining P, I and D elements to get the desired control characteristic.

SUPPRESSED GOVERNOR OPERATION

OPEN

QUOTE

CERC ORDER ON IEGC DATED 22.02.2002

1.6

Free-Governor Action: The dates from which the stipulations under sections 4.8(c), 4.8(d), 6.2(e), 6.2(f), 6.2(g) and 6.2(h) would come into effect shall be as under : (i) All thermal generating units of installed capacity 200 MW and above and reservoir based hydro units of installed capacity 50 MW and above : } } Eastern Region } } Northern Region } The date for the } implementation of the Western Region } Commercial mechanism } mentioned in Section 7.1(d) (ii) All thermal and reservoir based hydro } for the respective region. generating units of installed capacity } 10 MW and above in North Eastern Region } (iii) All other generating units - three months after the above dates for the respective regions except in the case of Nuclear Power Stations which shall be exempted till the next review of the IEGC. Any exemption from the above may be granted only by CERC for which the concerned constituent shall file a petition in advance.
UNQUOTE

Southern Region

QUOTE

CERC ORDER ON IEGC DATED 22.02.2002

6.2(e)

All generating units, which are synchronised with the grid, irrespective of

their ownership, type and size, shall have their governors in normal operation at all times. If any generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size (10 MW for North Eastern Region) is required to be operated without its governor in normal operation, the RLDC shall be immediately advised about the reason and duration of such operation. All governors shall have a droop of between 3% and 6%. 6.2(f) Facilities available with/in load limiters, Automatic Turbine Run up System

(ATRS), Turbine supervisory control, coordinated control system, etc. shall not be

used to suppress the normal governor action in any manner. No dead bands and/or
time delays shall be deliberately introduced.
UNQUOTE

QUOTE

CERC ORDER ON IEGC DATED 22.02.2002

6.2(g) All Generating Units, operating at/up to 100% of their Maximum Continuous
Rating (MCR) shall normally be capable of (and shall not in any way be prevented from) instantaneously picking up five per cent (5%) extra load for at least five (5) minutes or within technical limits prescribed by the manufacturer when frequency falls due to a system contingency. The generating units operating at above 100% of their MCR shall be capable of (and shall not be prevented from) going at least up to 105% of their MCR when frequency falls suddenly. Any generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size (10 MW for NER) not complying with the above requirement, shall be kept in operation

(synchronised with the Regional grid) only after obtaining the permission of RLDC.
However, the constituent can make up the corresponding short fall in spinning reserve by maintaining an extra spinning reserve on the other generating units of the constituent.
UNQUOTE

QUOTE

CERC ORDER ON IEGC DATED 22.02.2002

6.2(h) The recommended rate for changing the governor setting, i.e. supplementary
control for increasing or decreasing the output (generation level) for all generating .units, irrespective of their type and size, would be one (1.0) per cent per minute or as per manufacturer's limits. However, if frequency falls below 49.5 Hz, all partly loaded generating units shall pick up additional load at a faster rate, according to their capability.

UNQUOTE

FREE GOVERNOR MODE OF OPERATION CERC Order ON IEGC dated 21.12.1999

Quote 6.2 (c) All generating units, which are synchronised with the grid, irrespective of their ownership, type and size, shall have their governors in normal operation at all times. If any generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size (10 MW for North Eastern Region) is required to be operated without its governor in normal operation, the RLDC shall be immediately advised about the reason and duration of such operation. All governors shall have a droop of between 3% and 6%. Unquote SRLDC Requested all constituents including ISGS vide letter dated 3rd Jan 03 to take a lead in this matter.

FREE GOVERNOR MODE OF OPERATION The matter discussed in 368 OCC meeting
th

All SR constituents/ISGS agreed to convey their readiness by 21.01.2003 SRLDC again requested all constituents vide letter dt.21.01.03 to intimate unit/station wise status/ programme Matter discussed in 109th TCC/131st SREB meeting.

ISGS/SR constituents agreed for FGM by 1st May 2003. Discussed in 369th, 370th, 371st & 372nd OCC meetings.
KSEB & TNEB furnished unit wise/ station wise program/ constraint/ preparedness APTRANSCO conveyed readiness for FGM of all generators except thermal units of APGENCO Freq response characteristics calculation details covering 3 events furnished for examination & necessary feedback by the constituents. Constituents
AP KAR KER TN

Actual response
(AVG)

Shortfall
(AVG)

2% 17 % 29 % 13 %

98 % 83 % 71 % 87 %

Matter again discussed in 110th TCC/132nd SREB meeting.

All SR constituents/ISGS agreed for FGM by 1st August 2003. Action by constituents to achieve the target to be discussed. Present status to be reviewed. LETTERS NLY-II U#4

NEYVELI U-4 ON FGM ON 19/06/2003

220 FREQUENCY 50.4

210 50.2

200

50

49.8 190 49.6 180 REDUCTION OF 21 MW IN 5 MTS NYL U-4 GENERATION 170 49.2 49.4

160 11:00 11:15 11:30 11:45 12:00 12:15 12:30 12:45

49 13:00

Thank you