Vehicular Technologies

Embedded Systems Seminar Fall 2005 Elliot Jaffe

Sensors, Networks and Processors

Applicable Vehicles
Potential Uses Aside: Automotive equipment lifecycle Networking Processing

Sensors
Conclusions

Applicable Vehicles

Potential Uses

Lifecycle Management

Equipment Monitoring, Maintenance, Performance Weather Conditions, Air Pressure, Road Surface

Awareness of the Environment

Awareness of the Operators

Physical State, Mental State, Comfort

Convoys, Traffic Planning, Collision Detection

Global vs. Local Interactions

Automotive Component Lifecycle

Long lead times between conception and wide spread deployment

Case in point: Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)

Bosch 1930s
First Electronic system in production: 1978

Trucks and Mercedes-Benz

Standard Equipment 1985 (Ford Grenada Mk3) GM stops offering ABS as Standard Equipment on most of its 58 vehicles in 2003

Automotive Component Requirements

Low Cost
Mass Production (availability, liability) Dependability (reliability, safety) System Modularity Easy Field Maintenance

Simple MMI (drivers are not experts)

Security (against prohibited actions)

Automotive Component Lifecycle

Source: Integrated Vehicle Control System Technology Steering, Braking, Suspension, and Powertrain Systems, Aloysius J. (Alois) Seewald, TRW Automotive Chassis

Networking

Many bus definitions

http://www.interfacebus.com/Design_Connector_Automotive. html Class A: UART < 10kbps Class B: non-critical 10kbps to 125kbps Class C: real-time high-data: 125kbps 1Mbps Emissions/Diagnostics Mobile Media X-By-Wire: replace mechanical systems

-40 +125C

Examples

LIN- local interconnect network

http://lin-subbus.org 20Kbps Master/slave architecture http://www.ni.com/automotive/can.htm High speed: 1Mbps

CAN controller area network (ISO 11898)

Engine and powertrain Body and comfort devices

Low speed: 128kbps

Networking

X-By-Wire Architecture

Proposed by Consortium in 1996-1998 Time Triggered Protocol (1993)

Considered failure modes and requirements

Composability Timeliness Fault Tolerance
http://www.vmars.tuwien.ac.at/projects/xbywire/projects/new-home.html

X-By-Wire

Processing

First Microprocessor, 1978 Cadillac Seville

Trip Computer, 6802

Freescale (Motorola) MPC563 32bit microprocessor

63-105 MIPS -40C 125C 2.6V Core Operating Voltage 5V I/O Operating Voltage 0.8, 1.12W Power dissipation (typical, max) 512K Flash RAM, 32K RAM 32 Channel A/D (10 bits)
Source: www.freescale.com

Sensors

Engine and Drivetrain Sensors

Emissions Control System Sensors Safety and Security Sensors Other Internal Sensors

Engine and Drivetrain Sensors

Throttle Position
Monitors the position of the accelerator pedal and the throttle linkage, so the ECM can make accurate air/fuel mixture adjustments

Barometric Air Pressure (BAP

Reads changes in barometric (air) pressure. The ECM uses this information to adjust timing advance and air/fuel ratio

Mass Air flow/ MAF

Measures the amount of air drawn through the engine's air intake, so the computer can compensate for altitude and temperature

Engine and Drivetrain Sensors

Permanent magnet vehicle speed sensor
A permanent magnet generator Produces a pulsing (ac) voltage when it spins Voltage level and number of pulses increase with vehicle speed

Knock / Detonation
Listens for engine "ping" so the ECM can retard the spark timing, and thereby reduce emissions and overheating, if the engine is knocking

Engine and Drivetrain Sensors

Magnetic Fluid Level
Used for brake fluid, coolant, washer fluid and oil level sensing

Temperature
Air Temperature Coolant Temperature HVAC Temperature Transmission Temperature

Emission Control Sensors

Required due to emission control legislation

EGR Valve

Recalculates a measured amount of exhaust gas into the engine's air intake, to lower combustion temperatures and reduce emissions, especially NOx Senses engine temperature, and opens or closes vacuum lines to various emissions-related components

Ported Vacuum Switch

Safety and Security Sensors

Inertial Sensors
active stabilization and navigation applications

Wheel Speed
Occupant Position
Weight Driver Seat Position

Tire Inflation

Other Interior Sensors

Climate Control Systems

Ambient Air Temperature Seat Temperature Air Flow Audio Volume (for Active Feedback)

Ambient Light (for auto-tint)

External Sensors

DARPA Grand Challenge

http://www.darpa.mil/grandchallenge/TechPapers/AutonomousVehicleSystems.pdf

Range Finding

Obstacle Detection
Terrain Detection

Team CIMAR

U. Indiana: Rubicon

Stanford

Range Finding
RADAR
Radio Detection and Ranging

LADAR
Laser Detection and Ranging

SONAR
Sound Navigation and Ranging

Detection in Operation

Conclusion

Applicable Vehicles
Potential Uses Aside: Automotive equipment lifecycle Networking Processing

Sensors