Emulsions

zulfiayu S1 Farmasi UNG juni 2013

Emulsions
W+O
agitated

droplet

Agitation stopped

Coalesce & separe

W+o+emulsifier

agitated

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Definisi
Sistem 2 fase yg salah satu cairannya terdispersi dalam cairan yang lain dalam bentuk tetesan kecil Mengandung sedikitnya jenis cairan yang tidak bercampur satu dengan yang lainnya, cairan yang terdispersi menjadi butiran halus (tetesan kecil) dalam cairan lainnya

Definition
Non Homogenous substance Mixture 2 immicible (unblendable) liquids Dispersed as globules Thermoynamically unstable Acceptable shelf life at room temp.

AIR

LIQUID

Forces Acting on Molecules on the surface and in the the interior of a liquid

Component
Internal (globules)/disperse/discontinous phase : 74% (monodisperse) External /discontinous phase Emulsifying agent

Aplication and Utility

Aplication Topical Oral Intravenous (o/w) Diffusion barrier depots intramuscular (w/o) Diagnostic agents in x-ray examination Delivery of vaccines

Aplication and Utility

Why emulsion popular? Patient acceptanceoral and topical Efficacy, i.e. Absorption or bioavailability their ability to be diluted in vivo in the blood or gastrointestinal tract without ensuing precipitation of solid drug particles, as well as the enhanced stability furnished by a nonaqueous environment. Amphotericin B administered as a lipid emulsion, in comparison with a 5% aqueous dextrose solution, gave a lower incidence of fever and nephrotoxicity and was as effective

Griseofulvin suspended in the oil phase of an O/W emulsion was found to give enhanced bioavailability, presumably due to the effect of metabolic products of the oil on gastric emptying time

Aplication and Utility

Diagnostic agents in x-ray examination Radiopaque substances visualize body organs and structures. O/w iodized oil, iophendylate, and ethiodized oil (Ethodiol) injected into the peritoneal cavity of rats were found to give excellent outlines of the peritoneal cavity and in some cases of special structures such as the spleen Intrathecal injections of iophendylate emulsions into dogs and into the carpal joint of a horse showed good contrast and demonstrated good mixing with the respective body fluids. Intravenous administration in humans of ethiodized fat emulsions with a particlediameter of 14 mm gave superior results in computerized tomography of hepatomas

Type of Emulsion
Ordinary Emulsion Oil in water (o/w), iv Water in oil (w/o), im Water in water (w/w), incompatible polimers like poysaccharides, synthetic polymers, protein Oil in oil (o/o), incompatible organic solvens stabilized by block copolimers with residues of differing solubilities in 2 components Multiple emulsion : drops of dispersed phase contain smaller droplets that have the same compositon as the external phase o/w/o w/o/w

Types of Emulsion

Teori Terjadinya Emulsi

Emulsi terbentuk dari dua proses yang terjadi secara bersamaan yaitu : dispersi satu cairan sebagai droplet pada cairan lainnya dan penggabungan kembali droplet tersebut untuk membentuk bulk cairan semula Proses pertama meningkatkan energi bebas dari sistem sedangkan proses kedua menurunkan energi bebas permukaan dari sistem

Final emulsion is O/W type When rate 2 > Rate 1

Initial stage : Separate bulk phase

Intermediate stage : O/W and W/O dispersion present in system

Final emulsion is W/O type When rate 1> Rate 2 Effect of rate of coalescence on emulsion type, Rate 1 : O/W coalescence rate; Rate 2 : W/O Coalescence rate (Remingtons)

Type film yang terbentuk oleh emulgator pada emulsi O/W

Methode of preparation
1. Wet gum methode (English methode)
Suitable for preparing emulsions with mucilages or dissolved gums as the e.a. Viscous mucilage of gum is made with a small amount of the water and the oil is added in small amounts, with a rapid trituration. As the emulsion becomes too viscous for rapid stirring, additional quantities of water are addes. At all times, until all the oil is incorperated, the preparations must be kept just thin enough to permit preparation. When all the oil has been added, the mixture is brought to volume with water.

2. Dry Gum Methode (Continental Method, 4:2:1)

Suitable for emulsions prepared from dry gum emulsifiers. Primari emulsion is formed by using the entire quantity of the oil. The dry gum, of the amount of oil, is dispersed in the oil. Added water equal to half the volume of oil is added, all at one time, with rapid trituration, continued at high speed, until a thick primary emulsion is formed.A snapping sound is heard when a good stable primary emulsion has been prepared. Finally, the reminder of the aqueous phase is added slowly with trituration.

3. Bottle Method
Preparation of emulsions of volatile and other non viscous oils. Variations of dry gum method. The oil put into a large bottle or flask, and the powdered dry gum added and dispersed quickly. It is important thet the water be ready to be added immediately after the dispersion of the gum. The primary emulsion is formed by a vigorous shaking and is then diluted with the external phase.

4. Beaker Method
Syntetic emulsifier. The most appropriate method is to divide its water-soluble and its oilsoluble components, and dissolve the emulsifier in the phase in which it is more soluble. Melt heated 70C. (5-10C above highest melting point).When the two phase have reached the same temp., the internal phase is added to the external phase with stirring.

Schematic representation of different types of instability processes in an emulsion: (1) freshly prepared emulsion, (2) flocculation, (3) coalescence, (4) creaming (2) , (5) Ostwald ripening, and (6) phase inversion (Kulshreshtha, et. al)