STUDY OF MONOCHROMATIC

ABERRATIONS OF TWO
HOLOLENS IMAGING SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY
MD . ZAHEER ANSARI
DEPT.OF APPLIED PHYSICS
ISMU, DHANBAD

DATE : 15-05-2008
 Contents
 What is holography?
 How holograms are recorded and reconstructed?
 Hololens, an introduction.
 Theory of hololens.
 Two hololens imaging system.
 Imaging characteristics.
 Experimental results of the recording and reconstruction
of the hololens.
 Experimental results of two hololens imaging system.
 Recording materials for holographic recordings.
 Holographic development.
 Holographic fixations.
 Bleaching process in holography.
 Experimental developing process.
 Results and conclusions.
 What is holography?
It is a recording of both amplitude as well as the phase of the light
wave using the phenomenon of interference. Holography is a
method evolved by Danish Gabor in 1947.
Difference between photography
and holography.
 A photograph represents a two dimensional recording of a
three dimensional scene. what is recorded is the intensity
distribution that prevailed at the plane of the film when it was
exposed. Here the three dimensional character ,i.e,the phase
distribution is completely lost.
On the other hand holography is a method in which one not only
records the amplitude but also the phase of the light wave using
interferometric methods.
 How holograms are
recorded?
 To record the phase of the light wave ,holography uses a reference
wave which is combined with the light from the object called object
wave.
 Reconstruction of holograms
When the recorded hologram is illuminated with the reference beam,
diffraction from the fringe pattern on the plate reconstructs the original
object wave both in amplitude and phase. That is why the holographic
image is of 3D pattern.
Hololens, an introduction
Hololens is a holographic optical element made by holographic
methods. They work by the phenomenon of diffraction. Although
they work by diffraction rather than by reflection or refraction,
they obey all the rules of geometrical optics, and can be used
for any purpose that conventional optical elements can be used
for. It is a low aberration optical element.

A hologram of a point source can be generated by the

interference between a spherical waves and a plane wave or
between two spherical waves. Such a hologram can be
regarded as a hololens.
A two point hololens has a focal-length of defined by

1/f = (λc/ λ0) n 1/ R1 +1/ R2

Where R1 is the distance from the point source to the hololens

vertex, R2 the distance from the second point source to the
hololens vertex, n the diffracted order number, λ0 the
construction wavelength and λc the wavelength used for
reconstruction. Thus the focal length of a hololens varies linearly
with wavelength.
Theory of hololens
point

p
Recording of off-axis
hololens
Reconstruction of off-axis hololens
 Two hololens imaging system

Recording and playback geometry

A typical system used for imaging experiment is shown in fig.1. The
first half of the system consist of object O , and hololens HL1 , and
the second half consist of a hololens HL2 , and image plane . When
the imaging properties of the lenses are fully taken into account to
achieve accurate detail in the image with respect to phase and
amplitude, the distance between HL1 and HL2 is equal to f1 + f2 .
Here the angle between the two beams was 100 .
 Focus
Flipping
of 1800

Collimated beam

f
HL-2

Object 2f
beam or
divergence
beam

o HL- 1
f

Fig1: shows the schematic diagrams of the hololens imaging system

The lenses were place back to obtain a plan wave front from each object point
and a real point focus from a plan wave. Hololens HL1 is used in the imaging
system after being rotated though 1800 with respect to the axis perpendicular
to the plan of fig.1 and illuminated by a diverging beam. The radius of
curvature of the wave propagated from HL1 is given by
1 1  1 1 
    
Rl1 RC R R 
1  r1 o1 

Where µ is the ratio of the wave lengths used for reconstructing and
recording the holograms and
RC1  Rr1 , Rl1  Ro1  

Ro1 , Rr1 , RC1 , and Rl1 are the distance of object, reference, reconstruction
and image points for lens HL1 .
Hololens HL1 is used in the imaging system after being rotated through 1800 with
respect to the axis perpendicular the plane of fig.1. The radius of curvature of the
wave generated from lens HL2 is given by

1 1  1 1 
    
Rl2 RC2 
 Rr2 Ro2 

for RC2  Rr2   and Rl2  Ro2

Where

RC2  Rr2   and Rl2  Ro2 , where Ro2 , Rr2 , RC2 and Rl2
are the distances of object, reference, reconstruction, and image points
for lens HL2 . This shows that the radius of curvature of the wave
exiting lens HL2 is the same as was recorded.
 Imaging characteristics
To assess the aberrations introduce by HL1 and HL2 for the conditions in
which they are fabricated and used in the imaging system according to
Champagne[16] the coefficients of spherical aberrations (S) , coma (CX , CY)
, astigmatism (Ax , Ay , Axy) , the curvature of field (F) , and distortion (Dx,
Dy) can be written as
1  1 1  1
S  3
    
RC  Ro3 Rr3  Rl3
xC  xo xr  xl
Cx  3
    
RC  Ro3 Rr3  Rl3
yC  yo yr  yl
Cy  3
    
RC  Ro3 Rr3  Rl3
x 2C  x 2o x2r  x 2l
Ax  3
 3
 3 
 3
RC  R o R r  R l
 y 2C  y 2o y 2r  y 2l
Ay  3
 3
 3 

RC  Ro Rr  Rl3
xC yC  xo yo xr yr  xl yl
Axy  3
 3
 3 
 3
RC  R o R r  R l

xC2  yC2 xo2  yo2 xr2  yr2 xl2  yl2

F 3
 3
 3

RC Ro Rr Rl3
xC3  xC yC2 xo3  xo yo2 xr3  xr yr2 xl3  xl yl2
Dx  3
 3
 3

RC Ro Rr Rl3
yC3  yC xC2 yo3  yo xo2 yr3  yr xr2 yl3  yl xl2
Dy  3
 3
 3

RC Ro Rr Rl3
Where x C, yC  ,  xo , yo  ,  xr , yr  and x
l, yl 
are coordinates of the points giving constructing, object, reference and
reconstructed beams respectively.
We see that a plane wave propagates between two hololenses , i.e.,
Rl1   for the first lens. Lens HL1 is constructed under the condition

R01  
and played back after being rotated through 1800.Under condition

xC1  xr1 , yC1  yr1 , RC1   Rr1

, the coefficients of spherical aberration(S) , coma (Cx, Cy) , astigmatism

(Ax, Ay, Axy) , field curvature (F), and distortion(DX, Dy) becomes zero .
 The reconstructed beam from the first lens, HL1 , acts as the
reconstructing beam for the second lens, HL2 ,under the conditions

RC2  Rr2   , Ro2   Rl2 ,

xo2  xl2 , yo2  yl2

The coefficients of spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, field

curvature and distortion also become zero for HL2 .
The above analysis shows that through the imaging system shown
in fig.1, a point object can be imaged without any conventional
aberration.
recording and reconstruction of
the hololens
1.Recording of the hololens
2.Reconstruction of the hololens from
the
reference beam
Experimental results of two hololens
imaging system
First step
Second
step
A well collimated beam from the first step:
A focus of a point object using dual hololens
imaging system
 Recording materials

 Silver – halide materials : silver-halide recording materials for

holography are interesting for many reasons. It has high sensitivity in
comparison with many other materials. It can be coated on both film and
glass, it can cover even very large formats, it can record both amplitude
and phase holograms, and it has high resolving power and easily
available. But it has some drawbacks. It is absorptive; it has inherent
noise and a limited linear response.
 Holographic film plate

 Photographic material for holography must meet specific

requirements. This is essential with very high resolving power, since
the dimension of the structure of the interference pattern recorded are
usually of the order of the wavelength of the light used for exposure. A
high speed is also desirable to allow short exposure time.
High-speed film means that the film is very sensitive to light and
we can take a picture with low intensity of light. This means physically
that the grain size of the emulsion must be big and that the resolution
will be low. The resolution is expressed in lines pr. millimeter.
 There are a number of different types of film plates .The film plate
that are chosen in this thesis is the GEOLA, fine grain silver-halide
emulsion PFG-01.

These types of film plate are made to be used with a red light
emitting laser.

Table - Film plate data

Film type Grain size resolution Spectral sensitivity range

PFG-01 40 nm 3000 lines per mm 600 – 680 nm

 Characteristic curves:

Figure1: Spectral Sensitivity curves for VRP-M (left) and

PFG-01 (right).
Figure 2: Diffraction Efficiency Curves for VRP-M and PFG-01.
 Chemical development:
The emulsion contains grains of AgBr in a gelatine layer,
which is usually quite hard. AgBr is transparent as is the gelatine.
AgBr is ionic i.e. AgBr interacting with a photon can result in the
removal of the electron

hf + Br - = Br + e –

e – + Ag+ = Ag

In general if a cluster of 4 silver atoms forms within a grain then

that cluster is stable (it does not dissociate back into Ag and an
electron) and if we soak the emulsion in the developer (a
reducing agent) then all the grains containing clusters of 4 silver
atoms will be converted entirely to opaque silver. So the spatial
variation in light intensity is now converted to a spatial variation
in the silver concentration.
 Holographic fixation
After the developing the sensitive emulsion of AgBr is still present on
the plate in the parts unaffected by light. Therefore it is necessary to
remove it in order to get the permanent image. The negative plate
after washing is dipped in a fixer solution of sodium
Thiosulphate(hypo).It dissolves the unaffected AgBr but leaves
metallic silver unchanged. Silver thiosulphate is easily soluble and will
diffuse from the emulsion into the fixing bath.
 Holographic bleaching process
The conversion of amplitude holograms recorded on the silver-halide
materials into phase holograms is referred to as bleaching. It ensures
high diffraction efficiency, so important for holographic images.
Bleaching converts the silver into a compound whose refractive index
is different from that of Ag+Br- so now there is a spatial modulation of
refractive index (a phase hologram). Bleaching can be regarded as
the reverse process of development.
During the development process a silver ion is reduced to free
silver and developed film appears rather dark, whereas during the
bleaching process metallic silver is oxidized to silver ions. For
example the action of hydroquinone (the bleaching element) on silver
bromide is
C6H4(OH)2 + 2AgBr + 2OH C6H4O2 +2Ag +2Br +2HOH
 The experimental developer
process for the transmission
holograms recorded:
In the developer process for transmission holograms, developer from NOVA was
used. This developer is a black-and-white developer.

The developing process:

1. Put the film in the developer. The developing time is 5 minutes at 25oC.

2. Wash the film in flowing water for 30 seconds.

3. Put the film in fixing bath. The fixing time is 5 to 6 minutes

4. Wash the film in flowing water for 30 seconds.

5. Put the film in bleacher for 5 minutes.

6. Wash the film in flowing water until the colour from the bleacher is rinsed
away.

7. Let the film stand still when it is drying.

 Results and conclusions
When first hololens (HL1) is illuminated by a diverging beam (called the
object beam), a parallel beam is reconstructed from it. When This
reconstructed (collimated) beam is allowed to fall on a second hololens
(HL2) of the same diffraction efficiency, then a converging beam is
formed from this hololens at its focal plane. Here the focal lengths of
the both the hololenses are

F hlolens = 63 cm
and the angle between the object beam and reference beam for the
hololens recorded is
θ = 10 0

Thus a diffraction limited two hololens imaging system has been

recorded which has been experimentally tested by imaging an off axial
point. Thus the system (Two hololenses) forms images free from all
types of monochromatic aberrations.
 References
 G. Saxby : Practical holography, pp 74-75, 1991
 I. Singstad : Classical holographic technique, pp 22-25, UiB, 1993
 M.Hubel, L.Solymar : Color-reflection holography: Theory and experiment,
Applied optics, Vol.30, 1991
 G.Saxby: Manual of practical holography, pp 93-94, 1991
 W.Lauterborn, T.Kurz, M.Wiesenfeldt : Coherent optics, Springer-verlag, pp
99-106, 1993
 Born and Wolf: Elements of the theory of diffraction, Principles of optics,
Pergamon press, 1959
 H.I.Bjelkhagen: Silver-halide recording materials, pp 8-11, Springer verlag,
1993
 Technical information, Diagnostics imaging systems, NDT / Holography
 G.L.Rogers: The design of experiments for recording and reconstructing
three-dimensional objects in coherent light (Holography), J.Sci.Instrum., Vol
43, 1966
 www.holographyforum.org
 www.fou.uib.no
 www.ed.ac.uk
 R.R.A.Sysms and Solymar, analysis of volume holographic lenses,
J.Opt.Soc.Am., p. 179, vol.72,
 W.T.Welford, a vector ray tracing for hololenses,opt. commun, , 322- 323
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and thanks to
Dr. A. K. NIRALA for his inspiring guidance, constant encouragement and
untiring supervision throughout my work.

I wish to offer my sincere thanks to all the faculty members and staff of the
Department of Applied Physics, Indian School of Mines University, Dhanbad
for their necessary help and encouragement in carrying out this work.

I am also thankful to all Research Scholars and my friends for extending his
helping hand whenever I was need in during this work.

Finally I want to acknowledge my deep thanks for the immense moral

support and encouragement which I have received from my parents.