The atom is built from three types of basic

Subatomic particles: the proton (p+) and the neutron (n) found in nucleus the electron (e): Electrons are very light. They are only about 1/2000th the mass of a proton and neutron Electrons spin around the nucleus at very high speeds.

All atoms are electrically neutral So, in any atom: the number of protons in an atom = the number of electrons in an atom

Atomic

is called its atomic number. The atomic number gives the atom its place in the Periodic Table.

number- The number of protons in an atom

Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons in an atom

Mass

the total number of particles in its nucleus. Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons

number- The mass number of an atom is

To find out how many protons, neutrons and electrons there are in an atom:
protons = atomic number = place in Periodic Table neutrons = mass number atomic number electrons = protons = atomic number = place in Periodic Table.

An element is an absolutely pure

substance that cannot be broken down into other substances.

A list of all the known elements is called the

Periodic Table

A compound consists of two or more elements chemically combined. Compounds can be molecules or a lattice structure.

The properties of compounds (colour, texture, smell, density) are usually very different when compared with the elements they contain. For example, the compound water (H2O) is a liquid at room temperature, but the elements that make it up, hydrogen and oxygen, are colourless gases.

Sodium is an explosive metal and chlorine is a poisonous gas, but these elements combine to form salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), a solid that we safely sprinkle on food.
Compound formulas The best way of describing which atoms are bonded in a molecule or lattice is to write its chemical formula using element symbols. Small subscripts show how many atoms of each element there are in the molecule.

Mixtures A mixture contains two or more substances (elements or compounds) simply mixed together.
These substances are not bonded together and no new substance is formed when they are combined. This means that a mixture can easily be separated into its ingredients using simple techniques such as filtration or evaporation.

Soft drink is an example of a mixture. It contains the compounds sugar, water, flavouring, colouring and carbon dioxide gas. Muddy water, sea water, shampoo, air and paint are all mixtures, too.

A physical change occurs when a substance changes, but no new substance is formed. Physical changes are happening when a substance: changes shape; for example, an aluminium can is crushed or an elastic band is stretched is crushed or broken into smaller pieces; for example, a glass window is shattered or an aspirin is crushed to make it easier to swallow is dissolved; for example, sugar is dissolved in hot coffee or turpentine removes a paint stain is simply mixed with other substances; for example, concentrated cordial is diluted by mixing it with water changes its state by melting, evaporating, freezing or condensing; for example, an ice cube melts.

A chemical change or chemical reaction has

occurred whenever a new substance has formed. Some chemical changes are obvious: the substance formed looks or acts very differently to what was there before.

Sometimes, however, the change may be difficult to detect. The only indication may be a change in colour, a change in temperature or the production of light or bubbles.
Some chemical changes that you meet almost every day include: cooking; such as cooking a cake or grilling a sausage burning; such as lighting a match or burning your toast explosions; such as petrol exploding in the cylinders of a car

In a chemical reaction, the substances you start with are called the reactants. The substances you end up with are called its products. All chemical reactions can be represented by a chemical equation. The symbol indicates that a chemical reaction has taken place. All chemical reactions can be shown as: reactants products
Sometimes subscript symbols (s), (l) and (g) are added to give extra information about whether the chemical is a solid, liquid or gas. The symbol (aq) indicates that the substance is dissolved in water as an aqueous solution

In combination reactions, reactants combine to form a single new

substance. Rusting of iron is an example of A combination reaction where iron (Fe) reacts with the oxygen gas (O2) found in air or water to form rust (the compound iron oxide Fe2O3). This could be written as a word equation: iron + oxygen gas iron oxide or it could be written as a formula equation using element symbols and chemical formulas:

Fe + O2 Fe2O3

Breaking-down reactions In breaking-down reactions one substance breaks up into a number of smaller ones.
For example, some photographic film is coated with silver chloride (AgCl), a substance that breaks down when light falls on it, leaving a dark image, or negative, on the film. The reaction could be written: 2AgCl 2Ag + Cl2 showing the states of matter: 2AgCl(s) 2Ag(s) + Cl2 (g) Breaking-down reactions are also known as decomposition reactions.

Sometimes a solid forms when two solutions are mixed together. The solid formed is called

a precipitate.

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3 (aq)

It starts as a fine powder that then settle out into a layer of sediment at the bottom of a clear solution. Precipitates are insoluble, meaning they do not dissolve in water. Some precipitates are very colourful and are often used as paint pigments.

Combustion reactions happen whenever you burn explode something. A substance reacts with oxygen, usually from the air around it.
New (often gaseous) substances form and heat and light may be released, sometimes as a flame or explosive flash.

A Bunsen burner works because methane gas from the gas supply reacts with oxygen drawn through its air hole. Carbon dioxide, water vapour and a flame (heat and light energy) are produced: CH4 (g) + O2(g) CO2 (g) + H2O(g) When magnesium ribbon burns, it combines with oxygen in the air to produce a white powder, magnesium oxide: magnesium Mg(s) + O2 (g) MgO(s)

Rate of Reaction is how fast the products are produced per second. The Rate of Reaction can be increased by: 1.Increasing concentration of reactants 2.Increasing surface area by decreasing particle size 3.Increasing temperature 4.Using a catalyst