Installation Planning

LPB & RTB

Tool for System Planning
Power Budgeting Definition
Power Budgeting dan Pemilihan Perangkat
System Design Choices:
Photodetector, Optical Source, Fiber
Photodetectors: Compared to APD, PINs are less expensive
and more stablewith temperature. However PINs have lower
sensitivity.
Optical Sources:
1- LEDs: 150 (Mb/s).km @ 800-900 nm and larger than 1.5
(Gb/s).km @ 1330 nm
2- InGaAsP lasers: 25 (Gb/s).km @ 1330 nm and ideally around
500 (Gb/s).km @ 1550 nm. 10-15 dB more power. However
more costly and more complex circuitry.
Fiber:
1- Single-mode fibers are often used with lasers or edge-emitting
LEDs.
2- Multi-mode fibers are normally used with LEDs. NA and
should be optimized for any particular application.
A
Use of Power Budgets
Anggaran terpenuhi jika daya terima di detektor sensitifitas penerima
Link Power/Loss Analysis
Margin System ] [ ] / [ ] [ 2
] [ ] [ ] [
+ + =
=
km L km dB dB l P
dBm P dBm P dB P
f c T
R s T
o
Total Power Loss
Receiver Sensitivities vs. Bit Rate
The Si PIN & APD and InGaAsP PIN plots for BER= . The InGaAs APD plot is for
BER= .
9
10

11
10

Link Loss Budget [Example 8.1]

Power Margin
Transmission Types
Two types of transmissions:
1. Link (point to point)

2. Network
a. point to multipoint
b. Mesh
c. Ring
Elements of Link/ Network Design
Transmitter :
Operating wavelength (), Linewidth (A),
Rise time, Bit-rate, Line format, Power
level

Fiber :
SMF/MMF, Fiber type SMF28, DSF, etc,
Cable loss, Spool length
Rx :
P
SEN
, P
SAT
, Rise time
Elements of Link/ Network Design (cont.)
Connection:
No. of splice, Splice loss
No. of connectors, Connector Loss

In Line Devices:
Splitter, Filter, Attenuator, Amplifier
Insertion loss, Gain
The Main Problems
Attenuation and
Loss
Dispersion
The Main Question
In Digital System
- Data Rate
- Bit Error Rate
In Analog System
- Bandwidth
- Signal to Noise
Ratios

System Factor Considerations
Type of Fiber Single-mode or Multimode
Operating Wavelength 780, 850, 1310 and 1550 nm
typical
Transmitter Power Typically expressed in dBm
Source Type LED or Laser
Receiver Sensitivity and
Overload Characteristics
Typically expressed in dBm
Detector Type PIN Diode, APD or IDP

Factors for Evaluating Fiber Optic System Design
System Factor Considerations
Modulation Code AM, FM, PCM or Digital
Bit Error Rate (BER)
(Digital Systems Only)
10
-9
,10
-12
Typical
Signal to Noise Ratio Specified in decibels (dB)
Number of Connectors Loss increases with the number of
connectors
Number of Splices Loss is Loss increases with the
number of splices
Environmental
Requirements
Humidity, Temperature,
Exposure to sunlight
Mechanical Requirements Flammability, Indoor/Outdoor
Application

Factors for Evaluating Fiber Optic System Design
(cont.)
Optical Transmitter/ Sources
LEDs
Output Power
Modulation
Bandwidth
Center Wavelength
Spectral Width
Source Size
Far-Field Pattern
Laser Diodes
Output Power
Modulation
Bandwidth
Center Wavelength,
Number of Modes
Chirp, Linewidth
Mode Field of the
Gaussian beam
Optical Fiber
Multimode Fiber
Attenuation
Multimode
Dispersion
Chromatic
Dispertion
Numerical Aperture
Core Diameter
Single-Mode Fiber
Attenuation
Chromatic
Dispersion
Cutoff Wavelength
Spot Size

Optical Receiver/ Photodiode
Risetime/Bandwidth
Response Wavelength Range
Saturation Level
Minimum Detection Level

Simple Link
TX
RX
Medium and Devices
OA
OA
Link Budget Considerations
Three types of budgets:

(1) Power Budget
(2) Bandwidth or Rise Time Budget
(3) ?
dB, dBm, mW
dB = 10 log (P
1
/P
2
)
dBm Value % of 1 mW Power Application
0.0 100% 1.0 mW Typical laser Peak
Output
-13.0 5%
50.0W
Typical PIN
Receiver
Sensitivity
-30.0 0.1%
1.0W
Typical APD
Receiver
Sensitivity
-40.0 0.01%
100.0qW
Typical LED Peak
Output


dB Power Out as a %
of Power In
% of Power
Lost
Remarks
1 79% 21% -
2 63% 37% -
3 50% 50% the power
4 40% 60% -
5 32% 68%
6 25% 75% the power

7 20% 80% 1/5 the power

8 16% 84% 1/6 the power

9 12% 88% 1/8 the power

10 10% 90% 1/10 the power



Decibel to Power Conversion
dB Power Out as a %
of Power In
% of Power
Lost
Remarks
25 0.3% 99.7% 1/300 the power

30 0.1% 99.9% 1/1000 the power

40 0.01% 99.99% 1/10,000 the power

50 0.001% 99.999% 1/100,000 the power



Decibel to Power Conversion
IS THIS SYSTEM
GOOD?
Example:
Power Budget Measurement for Long Haul Transmission
P
Tx
= 0 dBm

185 km
P
SEN
= -28 dBm

Splice
Attenuation Coefficient, o = 0.25 dB/km
Dispersion Coefficient, D = 18 ps/nm-km
Number of Splice = 46
Splice Loss = 0.1 dB
P
Margin
= 6 dB
Connector Loss = 0.2 dB
Connector
CONCLUSION:
BAD SYSTEM!!
Simple Calculation.
Fiber Loss = 0.25 dB/km X 185 km
= 46.3 dB
Splice Loss = 0.1 dB X 46
= 4.6 dB
P
Margin
= 6 dB
Total Losses = 46.3 + 4.6 + 0.4
= 51.3 dB
Power Budget, P
RX
P
SEN
!!

P
RX
= -57.3 dB
P
RX
= P
TX
Total Losses P
Margin

= 0 51.3 6

Connector Loss = 0.2 dB X 2
= 0.4 dB
How To Solve?
Answer
Place an amplifier
But
What is the gain value?
?
Where is the location?
And
First we calculate the amplifiers gain..
Gain > P
SEN
- P
RX
Gain > -28 (-57.3)

Gain > 29.3 dB

To make it easy,

Gain > 30 dB

NowWhere to put the
amplifier?
Three choices available
for the location
Power Amplifier At the transmitter
Preamplifier At the receiver
In Line Any point along fiber
Let us check one by one
Power Amplifier: P
TX
+ Gain = P
OUT
0 + 30 = 30 dBm
But is there any power amplifier with 30 dBm P
OUT
?
NO, THERE ISNT
Hence
What about Preamplifier?
P
OUT
received = -57 dBm
Remember
Preamplifier with 30 dB available? Yes
But, can it take 57 dBm?
Typically, NO
Hence
Let us check In Line Amplifiers
30 dB gain amplifier available here
But, What value can it take?
Typically 30 dBm
So
Now, we can find the location
Where is the 30 dBm point?
P
TX
Loss At That Point = 0 dBm 30 dB
Loss At That Point = -30 dBm
30 = o x Length of That Point
Remember o = 0.25,
Point Length = 30/0.25
= 120 km
But 120 km from Tx,
No. of splice = 120/4
= 30
Assume Other Loss = 0, Loss At That Point = Fiber Loss,
Splice Loss = 0.1 dB x 30 = 3 dB
Also remember connector loss at amplifier and Tx
2 connectors
Connector Loss = 0.2 dB x 3 = 0.6 dB
Total Losses = Fiber Loss + Splice Loss + Connector Loss
Actually, at 120 km,
= 30 + 3 + 0.6 = 33.6 dB
33.6 dB > 30 dB!! NOT GOOD!
Now, We have excess of 3.6 dBFind the distance,
Fiber Loss Length = 3.6/0.25 = 14.4 km
Good Location = 120 km 14.4 km = 105.6 km
+ 1 connector at Tx
Let us confirm the answer
At 105.6 km from Tx,
Fiber Loss = 0.25 x 105.6 = 26.4 dB
No. of Splice at 105.6 km = 105.6/4 =26.4 = 27
Splice Loss = 0.1 x 27 = 2.7 dB
Total Losses = 26.4 + 2.7 = 29.1 dB
29.1 dB < 30 dB !!
CONFIRM105.6 KM IS A GOOD LOCATION!!
P
Tx
= 0 dBm

185 km
P
SEN
= -28 dBm

Splice
Connector
105.6 KM
IS THIS SYSTEM
GOOD?
P
Tx
= -15 dBm

500 m


Using 850nm
P
SEN
= -25 dBm

Attenuation Coefficient, o = 4.5 dB/km
Dispersion Coefficient, D = 18 ps/nm-km
Number of Splice = 0
Splice Loss = 0 dB
P
Margin
= 2 dB
Connector Loss = 0.5 dB
Server A Server B
Example:
Power Budget Measurement for LAN
BANDWIDTH BUDGET


Calculate the total rise times
Tx, Fiber, Rx

Calculate Fiber rise time, T
Fiber
T
fiber
= D x A x L


D = Dispersion Coefficient
A = Linewidth
L = Fiber Length
Tx Rise Time, T
TX
= normally given by manufacturer
Rx Rise Time, T
RX
= normally given by manufacturer
System Rise Time

Total Rise time, T
sys
:
T
sys
=1.1(T
TX
2
+T
RX
2
+T
fiber
2
)
1/2
Dispersion Analysis (Rise-Time Budget)
2 / 1
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2 / 1
2 2 2
mod
2
350 440

] [
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ + + =
rx
q
tx
rx GVD tx sys
B
L D
B
L
t
t t t t t

o
source the of width Spectral : [nm] Dispersion : )] . /( [
dispersion velocity group to due time - rise : [ns] 7 . 0
fiber; the of km 1 the of : ] [ fiber the of Length : ] [ BW Electrical 3dB : ] [
dispersion modal : ] [ time rise receiver : ] [ time rise er transmitt : ] [
0
mod

o nm km ns D
t q
BW MHz B km L MHz B
n t ns t ns
tx
t
GVD
rx
rx
~
Bandwidth Budget
TX
RX
Medium and Devices
T
= T - T
T
OA
OA
What is a good Rise time?
For a good reception of signal
T
sys
< 0.7 x Pulse Width (PW)

PW = 1/BitRate for NRZ
1/2BitRate for RZ


System rise-Time & Information Rate
In digital transmission system, the system rise-time limits the
bit rate of the system according to the following criteria:
period bit RZ of % 35
period bit NRZ of % 70
<
<
sys
sys
t
t
Pengkodean Transmisi Optik
Two-level Binary Channel Codes
Example:
Rise Time Budget Measurement for Long Haul Application
Tx rise time, T
TX
= 0.1 ns
Rx rise time, T
RX
= 0.5 ns
Linewidth(A) = 0.15 nm
Dispersion Coefficient, D = 18 ps/nm-km
Fiber length = 150km
Bit Rate = 622Mbps
Format = RZ
Fiber rise time, T
F
=Length x D x Linewidth(A)
= 150 km x 18 x 0.15 nm
= 0.4 ns
Total Rise time, T
SYS
= 1.1\ T
LS
2
+ T
PD
2
+ T
F
2
= 1.1\ 0.01 + 0.25 + 0.16
Simple Calculation.
T
SYS
= 0.77 ns
Let say,
Bit Rate = STM 4 = 622 Mbps
Format = RZ
T
sys
< 0.7 x Pulse Width (PW)
Pulse Width (PW) = 1/(622x10
6
)
= 1.6 ns
0.77 ns < 0.7 x 1.6 ns
0.77 ns < 1.1 ns !!
Good Rise Time Budget!!
Let say,
Bit Rate = STM 16 = 2.5 Gbps
Format = RZ
T
sys
< 0.7 x Pulse Width (PW)
Pulse Width (PW) = 1/(2.5x10
9
)
= 0.4 ns
0.77 ns < 0.7 x 0.4 ns
0.77 ns 0.28 ns !!
Bad Rise Time Budget!!
Budget Summary




Option
Power
Budget

Bandwidth
Budget

Financial

A

Source (LED vs. LD)

















850nm

Mediocre

Bad

Cheap





1310nm

Good

Good

Less
expensive





1550nm

Very good

Very good

Expensive



Modulation
Bandwidth

LED

NA

Bad

Cheap





LD

NA

Good

Expensive



Output Power

LED

Mediocre

NA

Cheap





LD

Good

NA

Expensive



Radiation pattern

LED (far-
field pattern)

NA

Bad

Cheap





LD (Gaussian
beam)

NA

Good

Expensive













Budget Summary
B

Fiber

Option

Power
Budget

Bandwidth
Budget

Financial



Attenuation

MM

Mediocre

Mediocre

Cheap





SM

Good

Good

Expensive



Dispersion

MM

Mediocre

Mediocre

Cheap





SM

Good

Good

Expensive



Numerical Aperture
(NA)

MM

Mediocre

Mediocre

Cheap





SM

Good

Good

Expensive



Core Diameter

MM

Mediocre

Mediocre

Cheap





SM

Good

Good

Expensive













Budget Summary
C

Receiver (PIN vs.
APD)

Option

Power Budget

Bandwidth
Budget

Financial



Rise time/
Bandwidth

PIN

Mediocre

Mediocre

Cheap





APD

Good

Good
Expensive



Response
wavelength range
PIN

Mediocre Mediocre

Cheap





APD

Good

Good

Expensive




Saturation Level PIN


Mediocre

Mediocre

Cheap





APD

Good

Good

Expensive




Minimum detection
level
PIN


Mediocre

Mediocre

Cheap





APD

Good

Good
Expensive


Cost/Performance Considerations
Components considerations such as :
Light Emitter Type
Emitter Wavelength
Connector Type
Fiber Type
Detector Type
Link Power Budget Table [Example 8.2]
Example: [SONET
OC-48 (2.5 Gb/s)
link]
Transmitter: 3dBm
@ 1550 nm;
Receiver: InGaAs
APD with -32 dBm
sensitivity @ 2.5
Gb/s;
Fiber: 60 km long
with o.3 dB/km
attenuation; jumper
cable loss 3 dB each,
connector loss of 1
dB each.

Component/loss
parameter
Output/sensitivity
/loss
Power margin
(dB)
Laser output 3 dBm
APD Sensitivity
@ 2.5 Gb/s
-32 dBm
Allowed loss 3-(-32) dBm 35
Source connector
loss
1 dB 34
Jumper+Connect
or loss
3+1 dB 30
Cable attenuation 18 dB 12
Jumper+Connect
or loss
3+1 dB 8
Receiver
Connector loss
1 dB 7(final margin)
Sample Power Budget Calculation
excercise
Solution
Example
Laser Tx has a rise-time of 25 ps at 1550 nm and spectral
width of 0.1 nm. Length of fiber is 60 km with dispersion 2
ps/(nm.km). The InGaAs APD has a 2.5 GHz BW. The rise-
time budget (required) of the system for NRZ signaling is 0.28
ns whereas the total rise-time due to components is 0.14 ns.
(The system is designed for 20 Mb/s).

Example: Transmission Distance for MM-Fiber
NRZ signaling, source/detector: 800-900 nm LED/pin or AlGaAs
laser/APD combinations. ; LED output=-13 dBm;fiber loss=3.5
dB/km;fiber bandwidth 800 MHz.km; q=0.7; 1-dB connector/coupling loss
at each end; 6 dB system margin, material dispersion ins 0.07 ns/(km.nm);
spectral width for LED=50 nm. Laser ar 850 nm spectral width=1 nm; laser
ouput=0 dBm, Laser system margin=8 dB;
9
10 BER

=
Example:Transmission Distance for a SM Fiber
Communication at 1550 nm, no modal dispersion, Source:Laser;
Receiver:InGaAs-APD (11.5 log B -71.0 dBm) and PIN (11.5log B-60.5
dBm); Fiber loss =0.3 dB/km; D=2.5 ps/(km.nm): laser spectral width 1
and 3.5 nm; laser output 0 dBm,laser system margin=8 dB;