Geno Gargas

ECE 548 Prof. Khaligh

Solar MPPT Techniques

Purpose of Presentation
I. Provide general description of solar
MPPT techniques II. Describe design of solar MPPT MATLAB model constructed III. Present results of MATLAB simulation IV. Give analysis of results with recommendation for future work

I Basics of MPPT
Solar panel characteristic has non-linear relationship with Temperature and Irradiance MPP also moves non-linearly MPPT can improve efficiency by 15-20%

Common MPPT methods

Cheap and Easy Implementation

Increased Efficiency

Cheaper and Easier

Fractional Open-Circuit Voltage Fractional Short-Circuit Current

Intermediate Price and Implementation

Perturb and Observe Incremental Conductance

Expensive and Difficult Implementation

Fuzzy Logic Control

Neural Networks

Basic Perturb and Observe

Implemented through a DC/DC converter

Logic
1. Change duty cycle

2. Observe

consequences on power output

3. Decide direction of

next change in duty cycle

P & O Design Parameters

Balance d between size of the oscillation across MPP, and inability to not get confused Two degrees of freedom: d and Ta
Ta
where

Constraints

II Creation of MATLAB model

Boost converter with a typical 12V, 64W solar panel, using the P&O algorithm for MPPT

3 Subsystems
1. Solar Panel 2. Boost

Converter
3. MPPT controller

1 - PV model design
Important equations
Equivalent Circuit

Vpv

1 Temp

Ipv Ih Ipv s Temp

I/P -> Sun and Temperature

Ipv control

ih
+ i -

Rs

s + +

i - 1

Ih

Photocurrent 1

Ipv Vout +

O/P -> Panel voltage

Photocurrent
s -

Diode

+ v -

Rh

Vpv

MATLAB Model

Uses controlled current sources

Temp Ih s

2 Vout -

2 Suns

Suns

Ih control

PV model simulation
P-V characteristics for varying irradiance conditions

I-V characteristics for varying irradiance conditions 4.5 S = 300 W/m2 4 3.5 S = 500 W/m2 S = 800 W/m2 S = 1000 W/m2
Panel Power (W)

60 S = 300 W/m2 S = 500 W/m2 50 S = 800 W/m2 S = 1000 W/m2

Panel Current (A)

3 2.5 2 1.5

40

30

20

1 0.5
10

10 15 Panel Voltage (V)

20
0 0 5 10 Panel Voltage (V) 15 20

I-V and P-V characteristics of simulated PV model with various levels of irradiance

Very similar to characteristics of real solar panels

2 Boost converter design

1 Vin +
g 1

Parameters
L = 20 mH
Load
m 2

Cin

Cout = 125 F Rload = 10

<= Relational Operator .2

Vin -

triangle

Cin = 1000 F Freq = 25 kHz

Duty cycle

Large L to reduce size of current ripple

Simple PWM generator through use of ramp and comparator

Boost model simulation

Panel voltage at various Duty cycles in Boost converter 20

Panel current at various Duty cycles in Boost converter 3.5

19

18

2.5
17
PV voltage (V)

16

PV current (A)

1.5 D = .1 D = .2

15 D = .1 14 D = .2 D = .3 13

D = .3

0.5

12

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08 time (s)

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0 0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08 time (s)

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

Voltage and current of input vs. time for various duty cycles

Quick transient decay Low ripple Input source is model of solar panel

Logic

3 MPPT controller

1. Get Power and Duty values of K and K+1 periods 2. Figure out direction of change in duty cycle 3. Change duty cycle 4. Repeat

Timing Sequence
1. Sample new values after transient decays 2. Sample for direction of new d 3. Sample values for use in next period 4. Make change in d

Model of controller
Given values from comparing Pk+1 and Pk and Dk+1 and Dk

Performs logic and outputs new duty cycle

2 P comp 1 D comp NOT AND OR NOT AND 3 K D

NOT

AND OR AND
In S/H

1 Dout

direction .1 -1 delta D

NOT

Memory 2 Dire 1

III - Simulation
Test the system during three types of irradiance
Fast changing irradiance 0.96

1. 2. 3.

Fast Changing (50 W/m2s)

Irradiance (W/m2)

0.95

Slow Changing (15 W/m2s) No Change (0 W/m2s)

0.94

0.93

0.92

0.91

0.9

0.89

0.2

0.4

0.6 time (s)

0.8

1.2

Slow changing Irradiance

Test with different d

Irradiance (W/m2)

0.95

0.94

1. Large d (d = .02) 2. Small d (d = .005)

0.93

0.92

0.91

0.9

0.89

0.2

0.4

0.6 time (s)

0.8

1.2

Fast Changing Irradiance

Power with D=.02 and fast changing irradiance 56
56 Power with D=.005 and fast changing irradiance

54

54

PV power

52

52

50

50
Power (W)

Power (W)

48

48

46

46

44

44

42

42

40

0.2

0.4

0.6 time (s)

0.8

1.2

40

0.2

0.4

0.6 time (s)

0.8

1.2

Duty cycle with D=.02 and fast changing irradiance 0.39

0.36

Duty cycle with D=.005 and fast changing irradiance

Duty Cycle

0.38

0.355

0.35

0.37
0.345

0.36
0.34

duty cycle

0.35

duty cycle

0.335

0.34

0.33

0.33

0.325

0.32

0.32

0.31

0.315

0.3

0.31

0.2

0.4

0.6 time (s)

0.8

1.2

0.2

0.4

0.6 time (s)

0.8

1.2

(d = .02)

(d = .005)

Slow Changing Irradiance

Power with D=.02 and slow changing irradiance 51

Power with D=.005 and slow changing irradiance 51

PV power

50

50

49

49

Power (W)

Power (W)

48

48

47

47

46

46

45

45
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 time (s) 0.8 1 1.2

0.2

0.4

0.6 time (s)

0.8

1.2

Duty cycle with D=.02 and slow changing irradiance 0.39

0.36

Duty cycle with D=.005 and slow changing irradiance

Duty Cycle

0.38

0.355

0.35

0.37
0.345

0.36
0.34

duty cycle

0.35

duty cycle

0.335

0.34

0.33

0.325

0.33
0.32

0.32
0.315

0.31

0.2

0.4

(d = .02)

0.6 time (s)

0.8

1.2

0.31

0.2

0.4

(d = .005)

0.6 time (s)

0.8

1.2

No Change in Irradiance

Power at constant irradiance and D=.02 53

Power at constant irradiance and D=.005 53

52

52

PV power

51

51

50

50

Power (W)

Power (W)

49

49

48

48

47

47

46

46

45

45
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 time (s) 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25 time (s)

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

(d = .02)

(d = .005)

IV - Results
Average Power in each simulation
d .02 .005

Fast change in S 48.68 W 48.87 W

Slow change in S 47.95 W 48.14 W

No change in S 47.2 W 48.05 W

These results were found using the mean statistical data provided by MATLAB in each simulation

Average Maximum power available from solar panel

Fast change in S
Max Power

Slow change in S
48.44 W

No change in S
48.1 W

49.22 W

These results were found by simulating the panel at the average insolation for each form of change in irradiation, and finding the maximum point on the power curve.

Analysis
Efficiency of MPPT algorithm for various parameters
d .02 .005 Fast change P 98.9 % 99.3 % Slow change P 99 % 99.4 % No change P 98.1% 99.9%

Higher efficiency with small d, regardless of how the sun is changing

I observed that the smaller d takes much longer to get to the MPP from a step change in irradiance

The step change is a very rare occurrence, so this may not be an issue

Design the system for the smallest d possible for the best efficiency

Future Work

Design a controller that can vary the size of the perturbation with respect to how far from the MPP it is
Leave d at a small value and adjust the sampling time to see if that has any effect. Simulate the MPPT controller for other converter types, possibly in line with a battery charge controller