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During this course, we will: Compare the LTE air interface in terms of Frequency and Time with GSM and UMTS Compare the capacity of the LTE air interface with GSM and UMTS
BTS
BSC
TRC
To Core
BTS
BSS
3G UMTS/WDMA
In UMTS, the Radio Network portion is called the UTRAN or, more simply, the RAN (Radio Access Network).
Node-B
It contained: Node-Bs
Node-B
RAN
4G
(almost)
EPS
In EPS (Evolved Packet System), the Radio Network portion is called the e-UTRAN (where e stands for evolved) or LTE (Long Term Evolution).
e-Node B
It contains:
eNBs
e-Node B To Core
e-node B
LTE or e-UTRAN
Time Domain
All three technologies utilize Time Slots (TSs)
GSM
577 sec
WCDMA
667 sec
LTE
500 sec
Drawings not to scale.
Frames - GSM
In GSM, there are 8 TSs in a frame. Normally, each connection gets its own TS on a carrier of 200KHz 1 frame = 8 TSs 4.616 ms
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
Frames - UMTS
In UMTS, there are 15 TSs in a frame. Everyone has a connection on every TS. There is a single carrier having a bandwidth of 5 MHz 1 frame = 15 TSs 1 msec
Carrier 1
Frames LTE
In LTE, two TSs make a subframe and 10 subframes make a frame.
Subframe
1 TS TS TS
Frames LTE
In LTE, two TSs make a subframe and 10 subframes make a frame.
Subframe
1 TS TS TS
The minimum allocation for a connection is one subframe. Both TSs must be allocated.
Frames LTE
In LTE, two TSs make a subframe and 10 subframes make a frame.
Subframe
1 TS TS TS
Frames LTE
In LTE, two TSs make a subframe and 10 subframes make a frame.
Subframe
1 TS TS TS
Exercise
1.
Carrier 1
X
Carrier 2
Frequency LTE
In LTE, the smallest possible frequency allocation is a Frequency Block A Frequency Block consists of 12 contiguous subcarriers at 15 kHz each
freq
Frequency LTE
In LTE, the smallest possible frequency allocation is a Frequency Block A Frequency Block consists of 12 contiguous subcarriers at 15 kHz each
freq
A subscriber may be allocated more than one Frequency Block during a subframe*
Frequency LTE
In LTE, the smallest possible frequency allocation is a Frequency Block A Frequency Block consists of 12 contiguous subcarriers at 15 kHz each
freq
A subscriber may be allocated more than one Frequency Block during a subframe*
*On the UL, the Frequency Blocks for a single connection must be contiguous. On the DL, they do not have to be contiguous
Frequency LTE
In LTE, the smallest possible frequency allocation is a Frequency Block A Frequency Block consists of 12 contiguous subcarriers at 15 kHz each
freq
Exercise
2.
What is the bandwidth of a Frequency Block? How does this compare with a single GSM carrier? How does this compare with a UMTS carrier?
Operator Spectrum
An operator has flexibility in how much spectrum they can allocate for LTE. Possible allocations are: 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
freq
20
15
10
5 3 1.4
Exercise
3.
Calculate the number of Frequency Blocks in each allocation that an operator is allowed to use (i.e., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz). In each case, round down and remove one Frequency Block for guard band purposes.
freq
Subcarrier 1 Subcarrier 2 Subcarrier 3 Subcarrier 4 Subcarrier 5 Subcarrier 6 Subcarrier 7 Subcarrier 8 Subcarrier 9 Subcarrier 10 Subcarrier 11 Subcarrier 12
Subcarrier 1 Subcarrier 2 Subcarrier 3 Subcarrier 4 Subcarrier 5 Subcarrier 6 Subcarrier 7 Subcarrier 8 Subcarrier 9 Subcarrier 10 Subcarrier 11 Subcarrier 12 Each subcarrier is 15kHz wide time
Frequency Block
12 contiguous subcarriers @ 15 kHz each
Frequency LTE
A possible allocation for 4 subscribers over 5 subframes
2 TSs = 1 subframe = 1 msec
time
freq
time
Resource Elements
The smallest unit of data transmission is a Resource Element It consists of: 1 symbol on 1 subcarrier
1 msec = 1 subframe = 2 TSs freq
Exercise
4. 5.
How many Resource Elements are in a Scheduling Block? For a single Frequency Block, how many Resource Elements can be transmitted in one second?
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol
10
11
12
13
14
A symbol (can carry: 2 bits (if the modulation is QPSK) or 4 bits (if the modulation is 16QAM) or 6 bits (if the modulation is 64QAM)
One subcarrier
Exercise
6. 7. 8. 9.
13. 14.
If QPSK is used, how many bits per second can be transmitted on a single Frequency Block? If 16QAM is used, how many bits per second can be transmitted on a single Frequency Block? If 64QAM is used, how many bits per second can be transmitted on a single Frequency Block? The highest bit-rate possible with EDGE in GSM is approximately 60 kbits/sec per TS. Using all 8 TSs, what bit-rate could EDGE achieve for a single carrier? How does this compare with the three bit-rates of a single Frequency Block on EPS-LTE? Using your answer from question 3, what bit rate could EPS-LTE achieve with 5 MHz of bandwidth using QPSK? Using 16QAM? Using 64QAM? A single DL carrier in UMTS (P5) can achieve a bit-rate of approximately 14 Mbits/sec. Using your answer from question 10, how do the 3 bit-rates compare with the bit-rate of UMTS? A voice call, including all error-coding and signaling, requires approximately 33 kbits/sec to support. Approximately how many voice calls could be supported on a single Frequency Block in EPS-LTE? Assume QPSK modulation. How does the answer in question 12 compare with the number of voice calls supported by a single GSM carrier? How many voice calls could be supported with 5 MHz of bandwidth in EPS-LTE? How does that compare with UMTS?