EE494/544 Class-2

What is this thing called load?

Transformer Loading

T1

Demand
Load averaged over a specific period of time Load can be kW, kvar, kVA or Amps Must include time interval Example: the 15-minute kW demand is 100 kW

Demand
6.0 Instantaneous

15 Minute kW Demand

5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 6:15 6:30 Time of Day 6:45

Maximum Demand
Greatest of all demands that occur during a specific time period Must include demand interval, period and units Example: the 15-minute maximum kW demand for the week was 150 kW

Maximum 15 Minute Demand for 01/14/03 = 12.68 kW at 11:45 a.m.

Customer #1
kW Demand
15 10 5 0

0: 15 2: 15 4: 15 6: 15 8: 15 10 :1 5 12 :1 5 14 :1 5 16 :1 5 18 :1 5 20 :1 5 22 :1 5
Time of Day

Average Demand
The average of demands over a specified period Must include demand interval, period and units Example: the 15-minute average kW demand for the month was 350 kW

Average 15 Minute Demand for 01/14/03 = 4.17 kW

Customer #1
kW Demand

15 10 5 0
0: 15 2: 15 4: 15 6: 15 8: 15 10 :1 5 12 :1 5 14 :1 5 16 :1 5 18 :1 5 20 :1 5 22 :1 5

Time of Day

Load Factor
Ratio of the average demand to the maximum demand over a specific period of time Can be for an individual customer Can be for a group of customers

Load Factor for Customer 1 on 01/14/03 =0.33

Average _ kW _ Demand LF Maximum _ kW _ Demand 4.17 LF 0.33 12.68

Customer #2 Max kW demand = 8.52 at 19:15 Average kW demand = 2.64 Load Factor = 0.31
Customer #2
kW Demand
10 5 0

0: 15 2: 15 4: 15 6: 15 8: 15 10 :1 5 12 :1 5 14 :1 5 16 :1 5 18 :1 5 20 :1 5 22 :1 5
Time of Day

Maximum kW Demand=11.04 at 17:00 Average kW Demand=3.05 Load Factor = 0.28

Customer #3
kW Demand
15 10 5 0

0: 15 2: 15 4: 15 6: 15 8: 15 10 :1 5 12 :1 5 14 :1 5 16 :1 5 18 :1 5 20 :1 5 22 :1 5
Time of Day

Maximum kW Demand=5.52 at 13:00 Average kW Demand=1.64 Load Factor=0.30

Customer #4
kW Demand
6 4 2 0

0:15

2:00

3:45

5:30

7:15

9:00

10:45

12:30

14:15

16:00

17:45

19:30

21:15

Time of Day

23:00

Diversified Demand
Sum of demands imposed by a group of loads over a particular period Must include demand interval, period and units Example: The 15-minute diversified demand in the period ending at 9:30 was 200 kW

kW Demand
30 20 10 0

Transformer Diversified Demand

Time of Day

0: 15 2: 15 4: 15 6: 15 8: 15 10 :1 5 12 :1 5 14 :1 5 16 :1 5 18 :1 5 20 :1 5 22 :1 5

Maximum Diversified Demand

Maximum of the sum of the demands imposed by a group of loads over a specified time Must include demand interval, period and units Example: the 15-minute maximum diversified kW demand for the week was 500 kW

Max. Diversified Demand=26.64 at 17:30 Average Diversified Demand = 11.50 Load Factor = 0.43
Transformer Diversified Demand
kW Demand

30 20 10 0
0: 15 2: 15 4: 15 6: 15 8: 15 10 :1 5 12 :1 5 14 :1 5 16 :1 5 18 :1 5 20 :1 5 22 :1 5

Time of Day

Max. Non-Coincident Demand

For a group of loads, the sum of the individual maximum demands without an restriction that they occur at the same time Must include demand interval, period and units Example: the max non-coincident 15minute kW demand for the week was 700 kW

Diversity Factor
Ratio of the maximum non-coincident demand to the maximum diversified demand

Load Diversity
Difference between maximum noncoincident demand and the maximum diversified demand

Utilization Factor
Ratio of the maximum diversified demand to the rated capacity

Non-Coincident 15-min kW Demand=37.76 Diversity Factor=1.42 Load Diversity=11.12 kW Utilization Factor (1.0 PF) = 1.066
Transformer Diversified Demand
kW Demand

30 20 10 0
0: 15 2: 15 4: 15 6: 15 8: 15 10 :1 5 12 :1 5 14 :1 5 16 :1 5 18 :1 5 20 :1 5 22 :1 5

Time of Day

kW Demand
30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0:15 2:15 4:15 6:15 8:15 10:15 12:15 14:15 16:15 18:15 20:15 22:15
Time (hours)

Load Duration

kW Demand

10000

15000

5000

0:15 2:15 4:15 6:15 8:15 10:15 12:15 14:15 16:15 18:15 20:15 22:15
Time of Day

Feeder Total

Excel Example

Diversity Factor
Maximum _ Non Coincident _ Demand Diversity _ Factor Maximum _ Diversified _ Demand

kWn
Diversity _ Factor 1

37.76 1.42 26.64 26.64

Diversity Factors
N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DF 1.0 1.60 1.80 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.55 2.60 2.65 N 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 DF 2.67 2.70 2.74 2.78 2.80 2.82 2.84 2.86 2.88 2.90 N 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 DF 2.90 2.92 2.94 2.96 2.98 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.04 3.05 N 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 DF 3.05 3.06 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.12 3.13 N 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 DF 3.13 3.13 3.14 3.14 3.14 3.14 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 N 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 DF 3.15 3.15 3.16 3.16 3.16 3.17 3.17 3.17 3.18 3.18 N 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 DF 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.20 3.20

Diversity Factor Plot

3.5 3
Diversity Factors

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66

Number of Customers

Application of Diversity Factors

Max _ Non Coincident _ Demand Max. _ Diversified _ Demand DFn

kWn
Dn 1 DFn

kWdemand 0.2 0.008 kWh

10.5 12
15 Minute Maximum kW Demand (kW)

10

8 kWi kW1i 6

1.9

0 400 500

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000 2000

kWhi Energy (kWh)

Example 2.1
N1 N2 N3 N4

T1

T2

T3

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Summary Important Definitions Individual Loads

Demand Maximum Demand Average Demand Load Factor

Important Definitions Group of Loads

Diversified Demand Maximum Diversified Demand Maximum Non-Coincident Demand Diversity Factor

Determination of Maximum Diversified Demand

Load survey to determine diversity factors (ratio of maximum non-coincident demand to maximum demand) Load survey to determine equation relating kWh to maximum kW demand Maximum diversified demand is then the ratio of maximum kW demand to the diversity factor for a specific number of loads

Homework Assignment
Problem 2.1 Problem 2.2 Problem 2.3