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SUBMITED TO CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHINICAL UNIVERSITY , BHILAI BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING RAIPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANDIR HASUD, CHHATUNA, RAIPUR CG SESSION 2009-10
HISTORY
- Nearly 2000 years ago the Greeks used water wheels to grind wheat into flour - In the 1700's, hydropower was broadly used for milling of lumber and grain and for pumping irrigation water - Appleton, Wisconsin became the first operational hydroelectric generating station in the United States, in 1882, producing 12.5 kilowatts (kW) of power - The total electrical capacity generated was equivalent to 250 lights - The largest and last masonry dam built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation was the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona between 1905-1911; its power output has increased from 4,500 kW to 36,000 kW - Still in use today, Niagra Falls was the first hydropower site developed for a vast quantity of electricity
Based on the Head of Water Available 1) Low head hydroelectric power plants 2)Medium head hydroelectric power plants
WATER CYCLE
The continuous cycle in which water changes from water vapor in the atmosphere to liquid water through condensation and precipitation and then back to water vapor through evaporation, transpiration, and respiration
Precipitation of clouds
Collected back to the oceans
Classification of dams Storage dams Diversion dams Detention dams Overflow dams Rockfill dams Gravity dams Dam structure and design
Gravity dam
Storage dams
To impound water Purpose - Irrigation - Flood control - Power generation
Diversion dams
For diversion To provide sufficient pressure
Detention dams
To Minimize the effect of sudden floods To trap sediment
Overflow dams
They carry water discharge over their crests
Rockfill dams
Rock instead of earth Embankment dams hold back water by the force of gravity acting upon their mass
Gravity dams
Most gravity dams are made from concrete, a mixture of port land cement, water, and aggregates They are much thicker at the base than the top
2) Water reservoir
Place behind the dam Height of water Potential energy
4) The penstock
To carries the water Controlled by the control gates
5) Water turbines
Convert HYDROLIC energy to MECHANICAL energy
6) Generators
Convert MECHANICAL energy in ELECTRICAL energy
7) Transformer
Converts the alternating current to high voltage current. Two coils: the supply coil and the outlet coil. Voltage required for various applications is 110V or 230V. Numbers of turns in outlet coil are double of supply coil, the voltage produced is also double.
8) Tailrace
Pipeline to drain the water The potential energy of water in the tailrace has been used to generate electricity
Built
across the Mahanadi river
Located
about 15 km from Sambalpur in the state of Orissa in India.
HISTORY
Built in 1956
Length is about (26 km) It was the first major multipurpose river valley project started after India's independence.
Construction history
Project was proposed by Sir M. Visveswararya Foundation stone was laid by sir HOWTHRONE LEWIS on 15 march 1946
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru laid the first batch of concrete on 12 April 1948.
The dam was completed in 1953 and was formally inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 January 1957 The total cost of the project was Rs. 100.02 crores (in 1957). Power generation along with agricultural irrigation started in 1956, achieving full potential in 1966
Geography
Hirakund is located at 2131N 8352E21.52N 83.87E
Demographics
As of 2001 India census Hirakund had a population of 26,397 Hirakund has an average literacy rate of 70%
Power generation Nearly about 307 MW
Structure
The Hirakud Dam is a composite structure of earth, concrete and masonry Ten km north of Sambalpur, it is the longest major earthen dam in the world The main dam has an overall length of 4.8 km spanning between two hills; the Lamdungri on the left and the Chandili Dunguri on the right. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia, with a reservoir holding 743 km at full capacity, with a shoreline of over 640 km..
Details
Total length of Dam : 15,748 Feet or 4800 Meter Concrete Dam : 3,937 Feet or 1200 Meter
Earth Dam :
Left Dyke : Right Dyke :
Maximum Height of Masonary Dam :200 Feet or 61 Meter Maximum Height of Earth Dam :195 Feet or 59.5 Meter Catchment Area : 83,400 km Total Power Capacity :275.5 MW
SALIENT FEATURES (A) (a) (b) Catchment Rain fall(mm) (B) HYDROLOGICAL :83400 Sq. Kms (32200 sq miles) Original Revised
DAM AND RESERVOIR R.L 195.680M. (R.L.642 ft.) R.L 197.830 M (R.L 590 Ft)
(c) SPILLWAY Spillway capacity 42450 cumecs (15 lakhs cusecs) Crest level - R.L. 185.928 M ( R.L. 610 ft.)
(D) At Burla
4) Long life
5) Cost of generation of electricity 6) Can easily work during high peak daily loads 7) Irrigation of farms 8) Water sports and gardens
9) Prevents floods
DISADVANTAGES
1) Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems
2) Disruption in the surrounding areas 3) Requires large areas 4) Large scale human displacement 5) Very high capital cost or investment 6) High quality construction 7) Site specific 8) Effects on environment 9) Safety of the dams